Beryllium (Be)

Beryllium is the 4th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Be and atomic number of 4. It has an atomic weight of 9.01218 and a mass number of 9. Beryllium has four protons and five neutrons in its nucleus, and four electrons in two shells. It is located in group two, period two and block s of the periodic table. Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828.

Atomic Number	4
Atomic Weight	9.0121831
Mass Number	9

Group	2
Period	2
Block	s

Protons	4 p⁺
Neutrons	5 n⁰
Electrons	4 e^-

Properties

Physical Properties
Atomic Radius	105 pm 219 pm
Molar Volume	5 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	102 pm 90 pm 85 pm 115 pm 96 pm
Metallic Radius	89 pm 112 pm
Ionic Radius	16 pm 27 pm 45 pm
Crystal Radius	30 pm 41 pm 59 pm
Van der Waals Radius	190 pm 153 pm 223 pm 153 pm 274.5 pm
Density	1.85 g/cm³ 1,690 kg/m³
Energy
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity	-2.4 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	9.322699 eV/particle 18.211153 eV/particle 153.896198 eV/particle 217.7185766 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	309 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	12.21 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	324 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 2

Valence Electrons	2

Electron Configuration	[He] 2s²

Oxidation States	0, 1, 2
Electronegativity	9.323 eV/particle 0.144986 1.57
Electrophilicity	0.5110145863657444 eV/particle
Phases
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	2,741.15 K
Melting Point	1,560.15 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature	5,205.15 K
Triple Point
Visual
Beryllium is a Slate Gray. Be has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #c2ff00, and MOLCAS GV of #c2ff00. The Appearance of Element 4 is white-gray metallic.
Color	Slate Gray #ff1493 #c2ff00 #c2ff00
Appearance	white-gray metallic
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	201 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000113 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	16.443 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	1.825 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	25 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.00000003999999999998 m Ω
Superconducting Point	0.026 K
Magnetism
Type	diamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	-0.0000000126 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	-0.0000000001136 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	-0.00002328
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
The Crystal Structure of Beryllium is HEX. The lattice constant of Be is 2.29 Å. The lattice angles of Element 4 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3.
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal (HEX)
Lattice Constant	2.29 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties
Beryllium has a Brinell of 600 MPa, Mohs hardness of 5.5 MPa, and Vickers of 1670 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Be is 130 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 4 is 132 GPa. The Young Modulus of Beryllium (Be) is 287 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Beryllium is 0.032. The Speed of Sound of Be is 13000 m/s.
Hardness	600 MPa 5.5 MPa 1,670 MPa
Bulk Modulus	130 GPa
Shear Modulus	132 GPa
Young Modulus	287 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.032
Speed of Sound	13,000 m/s
Classification
The CAS Group of Beryllium is IIA. The IUPAC Group of Be is IIA. The Glawe Number of Element 4 is 77. The Mendeleev Number of Beryllium (Be) is 75. The Pettifor Number of Beryllium is 77. The Geochemical Class of Be is alkaline earth metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 4 is litophile.
Category	Alkaline earth metals, Alkaline earth metals
CAS Group	IIA
IUPAC Group	IIA
Glawe Number	77
Mendeleev Number	75
Pettifor Number	77
Geochemical Class	alkaline earth metal
Goldschmidt Class	litophile
Other
The Dipole Polarizability of Beryllium is 37.74 plus or minus 0.03 a₀. Be has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 227 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 214 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 4 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Beryllium (Be) is 0.0092. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Beryllium is 3.0E-5. The Quantum Numbers of Be is 1S0. The Space Group of Element 4 is 194 (P63/mmc).
Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability	37.74 ± 0.03 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	227 a₀ 214 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	0.0092
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.00003
Quantum Numbers	1S0
Space Group	194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Beryllium

Stable Isotopes	1
Unstable Isotopes	11
Radioactive Isotopes	11

⁵Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	5.03987 ± 0.00215 Da
Mass Number	5
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	+

⁵Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁶Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	6.019726409 ± 0.000005848 Da
Mass Number	6
G-Factor	0
Half Life	5 ± 0.3 zs
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1958
Parity	+

⁶Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2p (2-proton emission)	100%

⁷Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	7.016928714 ± 0.000000076 Da
Mass Number	7
G-Factor
Half Life	53.22 ± 0.06 d
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1938
Parity	-

⁷Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁸Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	8.005305102 ± 0.000000037 Da
Mass Number	8
G-Factor	0
Half Life	81.9 ± 3.7 as
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1932
Parity	+

⁸Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
α (α emission)	100%

⁹Be

Abundance	100
Relative Atomic Mass	9.012183062 ± 0.000000082 Da
Mass Number	9
G-Factor	-0.78495333333333 ± 0.0000033333333333333
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.0529 ± 0.0004
Discovery Year	1921
Parity	-

¹⁰Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	10.013534692 ± 0.000000086 Da
Mass Number	10
G-Factor	0
Half Life	1.387 ± 0.012 My
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1935
Parity	+

¹⁰Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹¹Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	11.02166108 ± 0.000000255 Da
Mass Number	11
G-Factor	-3.3632 ± 0.0016
Half Life	13.76 ± 0.07 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1958
Parity	+

¹¹Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻α (β⁻-delayed α emission)	3.3%
B-p	0.0013%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

¹²Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	12.026922082 ± 0.000002048 Da
Mass Number	12
G-Factor	0
Half Life	21.46 ± 0.05 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1966
Parity	+

¹²Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	0.5%

¹³Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	13.036134506 ± 0.000010929 Da
Mass Number	13
G-Factor
Half Life	1 ± 0.7 zs
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1983
Parity	-

¹³Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
n (neutron emission)	%

¹⁴Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	14.04289292 ± 0.00014197 Da
Mass Number	14
G-Factor	0
Half Life	4.53 ± 0.27 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1973
Parity	+

¹⁴Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	86%
2n (2-neutron emission)	5%
β⁻ t (β⁻-delayed triton emission)	0.02%
β⁻α (β⁻-delayed α emission)	0.004%

¹⁵Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	15.053490215 ± 0.00017799 Da
Mass Number	15
G-Factor
Half Life	790 ± 270 ys
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2013
Parity	+

¹⁵Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
n (neutron emission)	100%

¹⁶Be

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	16.061672036 ± 0.00017799 Da
Mass Number	16
G-Factor	0
Half Life	650 ± 130 ys
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2012
Parity	+

¹⁶Be Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2n (2-neutron emission)	100%

History

Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin discovered beryllium in the oxide form in both beryl and emeralds in 1798. Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy independently isolated beryllium in 1828 by the chemical reaction of metallic potassium with beryllium chloride. The first commercially-successful process for producing beryllium was developed in 1932 by Alfred Stock and Hans Goldschmidt. From the Greek word beryllos, beryl

Discoverers	Fredrich Wöhler, A.A.Bussy
Discovery Location	Germany/France
Discovery Year	1798
Etymology (Name Origin)	Greek: beryllos, "beryl" (a mineral).
Pronunciation	beh-RIL-i-em (English)

Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care

Emerald is a naturally occurring compound of beryllium

Uses

Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator. Beryllium metal is used for lightweight structural components in the defense and aerospace industries in high-speed aircraft, guided missiles, space vehicles and satellites. Unlike most metals, beryllium is virtually transparent to x-rays and hence it is used in radiation windows for x-ray tubes. Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green color.

Sources

Found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	2.8 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	0.0000056 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body	0.00000004 %
Abundance in Meteor	0.0000029 %
Abundance in Sun	0.00000001 %
Abundance in Universe	0.0000001 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.3152
2	s	2.088

Beryllium on ChemicalAid

Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/2378
BNCF Thesaurus ID	30890
Biblioteca Nacional de España ID	XX543120
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	12218693d
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	beryllium
CAB ID	18807
CA PROP 65 ID	beryllium
CAS Registry Number	7440-41-7
ChEBI ID	33783
ChemSpider ID	4573986
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID90875623
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID4023913
Den Store Danske ID	beryllium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.318
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/beryl
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/beryllium
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	beryllium
English Vikidia ID	Beryllium
Freebase ID	/m/025sq7x
French Vikidia ID	Béryllium
GND ID	4144824-8
Golden ID	Beryllium-KNWM
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0008470
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	1860218
HCIS ID	495
HSDB ID	512
ICSC ID	0226
InChI	InChI=1S/Be
InChIKey	ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Italian Vikidia ID	Berillio
KBpedia ID	Beryllium
Krugosvet article	nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/BERILLI.html
Latvian National Encyclopedia Online ID	88301
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85013403
MeSH descriptor ID	D001608
Mindat mineral ID	52430
NDL Authority ID	00560614
NE.se ID	beryllium
NKCR AUT ID	ph150532
Namuwiki ID	베릴륨
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007284771305171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	336
OpenAlex ID	C506630978
PM20 ware ID	142103
PSH ID	5750
PubChem CID	5460467
Quora topic ID	Beryllium
RxNorm ID	1310252
Spanish Vikidia ID	Berilio
Store medisinske leksikon ID	beryllium
Store norske leksikon ID	beryllium
Treccani ID	berillio
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	8639
UNII	OW5102UV6N
USGS Thesaurus ID	1406
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14655473-n
YSO ID	15819
ZVG number	8020

Beryllium (Be)

Properties

Isotopes of Beryllium

5Be

5Be Decay Modes

6Be

6Be Decay Modes

7Be

7Be Decay Modes

8Be

8Be Decay Modes

9Be

10Be

10Be Decay Modes

11Be

11Be Decay Modes

12Be

12Be Decay Modes

13Be

13Be Decay Modes

14Be

14Be Decay Modes

15Be

15Be Decay Modes

16Be

16Be Decay Modes