Beryllium (Be)
Beryllium is the 4th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Be and atomic number of 4. It has an atomic weight of 9.01218 and a mass number of 9. Beryllium has four protons and five neutrons in its nucleus, and four electrons in two shells. It is located in group two, period two and block s of the periodic table. Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828.
| Atomic Number | 4 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 9.0121831 |
| Mass Number | 9 |
| Group | 2 |
|---|---|
| Period | 2 |
| Block | s |
| Protons | 4 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 5 n0 |
| Electrons | 4 e- |
Properties
| Physical Properties | |
|---|---|
| Atomic Radius | 105 pm
|
| Molar Volume | 5 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 102 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | 89 pm
|
| Ionic Radius | 16 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 30 pm
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
153 pm
|
| Density | 1.85 g/cm³
|
| Energy | |
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | -2.4 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Energy | 9.322699 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 309 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 12.21 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 324 kJ/mol
|
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 2 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 2 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2ⓘ 1s2 2s2 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2 |
| Electronegativity |
1.57
|
| Electrophilicity Index | 0.5110145863657444 eV/particle
|
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Gas Phase | |
| Boiling Point | 2,741.15 K
|
| Melting Point | 1,560.15 K
|
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | 5,205.15 K
|
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Beryllium is a Slate Gray. Be has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #c2ff00, and MOLCAS GV of #c2ff00. The Appearance of Element 4 is white-gray metallic. | |
| Color | Slate Gray
|
| Appearance | white-gray metallic |
| Refractive Index | |
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | 201 W/(m K)
|
| Thermal Expansion | 0.0000113 1/K
|
| Molar Heat Capacity | 16.443 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 1.825 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | Conductor |
| Electrical Conductivity | 25 MS/m
|
| Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000003999999999998 m Ω
|
| Superconducting Point | 0.026 K
|
| Magnetism | |
| Type | diamagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000126 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.0000000001136 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.00002328
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Beryllium is HEX. The lattice constant of Be is 2.29 Å. The lattice angles of Element 4 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
| Lattice Constant | 2.29 Å
|
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
Beryllium has a Brinell of 600 MPa, Mohs hardness of 5.5 MPa, and Vickers of 1670 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Be is 130 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 4 is 132 GPa. The Young Modulus of Beryllium (Be) is 287 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Beryllium is 0.032. The Speed of Sound of Be is 13000 m/s. | |
| Hardness |
5.5 MPa
|
| Bulk Modulus | 130 GPa
|
| Shear Modulus | 132 GPa
|
| Young's Modulus | 287 GPa
|
| Poisson Ratio | 0.032
|
| Speed of Sound | 13,000 m/s
|
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Beryllium is IIA. The IUPAC Group of Be is IIA. The Glawe Number of Element 4 is 77. The Mendeleev Number of Beryllium (Be) is 75. The Pettifor Number of Beryllium is 77. The Geochemical Class of Be is alkaline earth metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 4 is litophile. | |
| Category | Alkaline earth metals, Alkaline earth metals |
| CAS Group | IIA |
| IUPAC Group | IIA |
| Glawe Number | 77 |
| Mendeleev Number | 75 |
| Pettifor Number | 77 |
| Geochemical Class | alkaline earth metal |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
| Other | |
The Dipole Polarizability of Beryllium is 37.74 plus or minus 0.03 a₀. Be has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 227 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 214 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 4 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Beryllium (Be) is 0.0092. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Beryllium is 3.0E-5. The Quantum Numbers of Be is 1S0. The Space Group of Element 4 is 194 (P63/mmc). | |
| Gas Basicity | |
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 227 a₀
|
| Allotropes | |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.0092
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00003
|
| Quantum Numbers | 1S0 |
| Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Isotopes of Beryllium
| Stable Isotopes | 1 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 11 |
| Radioactive Isotopes | 11 |
5Be
| Mass Number | 5 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 1 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) |
6Be
| Mass Number | 6 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 2 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5 ± 0.3 zs
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1958 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2p (2-proton emission) | 100% |
7Be
| Mass Number | 7 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 3 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 53.22 ± 0.06 d
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1938 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
8Be
| Mass Number | 8 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 4 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 81.9 ± 3.7 as
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1932 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 100% |
9Be
| Mass Number | 9 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 5 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | -0.78495333333333 ± 0.0000033333333333333
|
| Abundance | 100
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.0529 ± 0.0004
|
| Discovery Year | 1921 |
| Parity | - |
10Be
| Mass Number | 10 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 6 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.387 ± 0.012 My
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1935 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
11Be
| Mass Number | 11 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 7 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | -3.3632 ± 0.0016
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 13.76 ± 0.07 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1958 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β−α (β−-delayed α emission) | 3.3% |
| B-p | 0.0013% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
12Be
| Mass Number | 12 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 8 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 21.46 ± 0.05 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1966 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.5% |
13Be
| Mass Number | 13 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 9 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1 ± 0.7 zs
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1983 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) |
14Be
| Mass Number | 14 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 10 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.53 ± 0.27 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1973 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 86% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 5% |
| β− t (β−-delayed triton emission) | 0.02% |
| β−α (β−-delayed α emission) | 0.004% |
15Be
| Mass Number | 15 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 11 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 790 ± 270 ys
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2013 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) | 100% |
16Be
| Mass Number | 16 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 12 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 650 ± 130 ys
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 2012 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 100% |
History
Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin discovered beryllium in the oxide form in both beryl and emeralds in 1798. Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy independently isolated beryllium in 1828 by the chemical reaction of metallic potassium with beryllium chloride. The first commercially-successful process for producing beryllium was developed in 1932 by Alfred Stock and Hans Goldschmidt. From the Greek word beryllos, beryl
| Discoverers | Fredrich Wöhler, A.A.Bussy |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | Germany/France |
| Discovery Year | 1798 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: beryllos, "beryl" (a mineral). |
| Pronunciation | beh-RIL-i-em (English) |
Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care
Emerald is a naturally occurring compound of beryllium
Uses
Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator. Beryllium metal is used for lightweight structural components in the defense and aerospace industries in high-speed aircraft, guided missiles, space vehicles and satellites. Unlike most metals, beryllium is virtually transparent to x-rays and hence it is used in radiation windows for x-ray tubes. Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green color.
Sources
Found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride.
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 2.8 mg/kg
|
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | 0.0000056 mg/L
|
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0.00000004 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.0000029 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.00000001 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0.0000001 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.3152 |
| 2 | s | 2.088 |
Also Known As
- Be
- element 4
- 4Be
Translations
- GermanBeryllium
- Frenchbéryllium
- Italianberillio
- Russianбериллий
- Norwegian Bokmålberyllium
- Polishberyl
- Esperantoberilio
- Spanishberilio
- Dutchberyllium
- Chinese (Traditional)鈹
- Upper SorbianBerylium
- Gujaratiબેરિલિયમ
- Hebrewבריליום
- Afrikaansberillium
- Amharicቤሪሊየም
- AragoneseBerilio
- Arabicبيريليوم
- AsturianBeriliu
- AzerbaijaniBerillium
- BelarusianБерылій
- Bulgarianберилий
- BretonBeriliom
- Bosnianberilij
- Catalanberil·li
- CherokeeᏇᎵᎵᎥᎻ
- Central Kurdishبیریلیۆم
- CorsicanBerilliu
- Czechberyllium
- ChuvashБерилли
- WelshBeriliwm
- Danishberyllium
- Greekβηρύλλιο
- Estonianberüllium
- Basqueberilio
- Persianبریلیم
- Finnishberyllium
- Northern FrisianBeryllium
- FriulianBerili
- Western FrisianBeryllium
- Irishbeirilliam
- Galicianberilio
- ManxBeryllium
- Hakka ChineseBeryllium
- HawaiianBeryllium
- Hindiबेरिलियम
- Fiji HindiBeryllium
- Croatianberilij
- Haitian CreoleBerilyòm
- Hungarianberillium
- Armenianբերիլիում
- Interlinguaberyllium
- Indonesianberilium
- Idoberilio
- Icelandicberyllín
- Japaneseベリリウム
- Lojbanjinmrberilo
- Georgianბერილიუმი
- Kannadaಬೆರಿಲಿಯಮ್
- Korean베릴륨
- KurdishBerîlyûm
- KomiБериллий
- Latinberyllium
- LuxembourgishBeryllium
- LigurianBerillio
- LingalaBelilu
- Lithuanianberilis
- Latvianberilijs
- Maorikonuuku
- MacedonianБерилиум
- Malayalamബെറിലിയം
- Marathiबेरिलियम
- Western MariБериллий
- MalayBerilium
- Burmeseဘယ်ရီလီယမ်
- nahIztactlāltepoztli
- Low GermanBeryllium
- Nepaliबेरिलियम
- Norwegian Nynorskberyllium
- OccitanBerilli
- Punjabiਬੇਰਿਲੀਅਮ
- PapiamentoBeryllio
- PiedmonteseBerili
- pnbبیریلیم
- Portugueseberílio
- QuechuaBerilyu
- Romanianberiliu
- SakhaБериллиум
- Serbo-CroatianBerilijum
- Sinhalaබෙරිලියම්
- Slovakberýlium
- Slovenianberilij
- AlbanianBeriliumi
- Serbianберилијум
- Saterland FrisianBeryllium
- Swedishberyllium
- SwahiliBerili
- Tamilபெரிலியம்
- Teluguబెరీలియం
- Thaiเบริลเลียม
- TagalogBerilyo
- Turkishberilyum
- Uyghurبېرىللىي
- Ukrainianберилій
- Urduبلوصر
- UzbekBerilliy
- VepsBerillii
- Vietnameseberili
- WarayBerilyo
- KalmykБелүр
- Yiddishבעריליום
- YorubaBeryllium
- Chinese鈹
- English (Canada)Beryllium
- English (United Kingdom)beryllium
- German (Switzerland)Beryllium
- Portuguese (Brazil)berílio
- Cantonese鈹
- CebuanoBerilio
- Odiaବେରିଲିୟମ
- KazakhБериллий
- Chinese (China)铍
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)鈹
- Banglaবেরিলিয়াম
- Literary Chinese鈹
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)бэрыль
- Min Nan ChineseBeryllium
- TatarБериллий
- Newariबेरिलियम
- KikuyuBeryllium
- SomaliBeriiliyaam
- AromanianBeriliu
- Sicilianbirilliu
- KyrgyzБериллий
- cdoPì
- LimburgishBeryl
- Scottish GaelicBeirilium
- LombardBerilio
- Malteseberillju
- Scotsberyllium
- Paliबेरिलियम
- Gan Chinese鈹
- Sanskritबेरिलियम्
- Mongolianберилли
- FaroeseBeryllium
- azbبریلیوم
- Bhojpuriबेरिलियम
- Tibetanབེ་རི་ལིམ།
- SundaneseBérilium
- Lingua Franca Novaberilio
- Wu Chinese铍
- Khmerបេរីល្យូម
- oloBerillium
- kbpBɛrɩlɩyɔm
- ShonaBeryllium
- JavaneseBèrilium
- TajikБериллий
- Chinese (Taiwan)鈹
- Chinese (Simplified)铍
- SardinianBerìlliu
- Santaliᱵᱮᱨᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ
- Chinese (Singapore)铍
- Chinese (Malaysia)铍
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)鈹
- EmilianBerìli
- emlBerìli
- Moroccan Arabicبيريليوم
- Assameseবেৰিলিয়াম
- Egyptian Arabicبيريليوم
- Pashtoبيرېليوم
- bclBerilyo
- lldBerilie
- CornishBerylliom
- Manipuriꯕꯦꯔꯤꯂꯤꯌꯝ
- BalineseBérilium
- WalloonBeriliom
- TachelhitAbirilyum
- blkဘယ်ရီလီယမ်
- Korean (North Korea)베릴리움
- ZuluIBehlezani
- OromoBiriiliyeemii
