Cerium (Ce)
Silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare-earth alloys. The oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. Klaproth in 1803.
| Atomic Number | 58 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 140.116 |
| Mass Number | 140 |
| Group | |
|---|---|
| Period | 6 |
| Block | f |
| Protons | 58 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 82 n0 |
| Electrons | 58 e- |
Properties
| Atomic Radius | 185 pm
|
|---|---|
| Atomic Volume | 21 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 163 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | |
| Ionic Radius | 101 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 114.99999999999999 pm
|
| Van der Waals radius |
242 pm
|
| Density | 6.77 g/cm³
|
| Boiling Point | 3,699 K
|
| Melting Point | 1,072 K
|
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 |
| Electronegativity |
1.12
|
| Electrophilicity | 0.9792877807552 eV/particle
|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | 0.65 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Potential | 5.5386 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 398 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 5.2 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 420.1 kJ/mol
|
| Molar Heat Capacity | 26.94 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.192 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Thermal Conductivity | 11.3 W/(m K)
|
| Gas Basicity | |
| Dipole Polarizability | 205 a₀
|
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
| Oxidation States | 2, 3, 4 |
| Color | Silver
|
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (FCC) |
| Lattice Constant | 5.16 Å
|
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 |
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Allotropes | |
| Alternate Names | |
| Adiabatic Index | |
| Appearance | |
| Electric Conductivity | |
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Curie Point | |
| Electrical | |
| Hardness | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility | |
| Magnetic | |
| Neel Point | |
| Neutron Cross Section | |
| Neutron Mass Absorption | |
| Gas Phase | |
| Quantum Numbers | |
| Refractive Index | |
| Space Group | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Valence Electrons | |
| Classification | |
| Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
| CAS Group | |
| IUPAC Group | |
| Glawe Number | 31 |
| Mendeleev Number | 15 |
| Pettifor Number | 32 |
| Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
| Radioactivity | |
| Radioactive | No |
| Decay Mode | |
| Half-Life | |
| Lifetime | |
| Abundance | |
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 66.5 mg/kg
|
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.0000012 mg/L
|
| Abundance in Human Body | |
| Abundance in Meteor | |
| Abundance in Sun | |
| Abundance in Universe | 1×10-6% |
Isotopes of Cerium
Stable Isotopes
136Ce 138Ce 140Ce 142Ce
Unstable Isotopes
119Ce 120Ce 121Ce 122Ce 123Ce 124Ce 125Ce 126Ce 127Ce 128Ce 129Ce 130Ce 131Ce 132Ce 133Ce 134Ce 135Ce 137Ce 139Ce 141Ce 143Ce 144Ce 145Ce 146Ce 147Ce 148Ce 149Ce 150Ce 151Ce 152Ce 153Ce 154Ce 155Ce 156Ce 157Ce
History
Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger discovered the element in ceria in 1803 in Sweden. Klaproth discovered it simultaneously and independently in some tantalum samples in Germany. Carl Gustaf Mosander, who worked closely with Berzelius, prepared metallic cerium in 1825. Cerium was named for the asteroid Ceres
| Discoverers | W. von Hisinger, J. Berzelius, M. Klaproth |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | Sweden/Germany |
| Discovery Year | 1803 |
| Name Origin | Named after the asteroid, Ceres, discovered two years before the element. |
Cerium is considered to be moderately toxic
Seawater contains 1.5 parts per trillion of cerium
Uses
Cerium is used in carbon-arc lighting, especially in the motion picture industry. Cerium oxide is an important component of glass polishing powders and phosphors used in screens and fluorescent lamps. Cerium compounds are also used in the manufacture of glass, both as a component and as a decolorizer. Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography and textile industry. Used in high-intensity carbon lamps and as alloying agents in special metals.
Sources
Most abundant rare earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)].