Atomic Number | 29 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 63.546 |
Mass Number | 63 |
Group | 11 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 29 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 34 n0 |
Electrons | 29 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 135 pm
|
Molar Volume | 7.1 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 112 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 118 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 46 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 60 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 196 pm
|
Density | 8.96 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 655.3 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 1.235 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 7.72638 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 304.6 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 13.01 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 337.4 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 1 |
Valence Electrons | 1 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s1 |
Oxidation States | -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Electronegativity | 1.9
|
Electrophilicity | 1.546403297611602 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 2,833.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,357.77 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Copper is a Copper. Cu has a CPK of #a52a2a, Jmol of #c88033, and MOLCAS GV of #c88033. The Appearance of Element 29 is red-orange metallic luster. | |
Color | Copper
|
Appearance | red-orange metallic luster |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 401 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000165 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 24.44 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.385 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 59 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.000000017 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.00000000108 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.0000000000686 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.00000963
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Copper is FCC. The lattice constant of Cu is 3.61 Å. The lattice angles of Element 29 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (FCC) |
Lattice Constant | 3.61 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Copper has a Brinell of 874 MPa, Mohs hardness of 3 MPa, and Vickers of 369 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Cu is 140 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 29 is 48 GPa. The Young Modulus of Copper (Cu) is 130 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Copper is 0.34. The Speed of Sound of Cu is 3570 m/s. | |
Hardness | 3 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 140 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 48 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 130 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.34
|
Speed of Sound | 3,570 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Copper is IB. The IUPAC Group of Cu is IB. The Glawe Number of Element 29 is 68. The Mendeleev Number of Copper (Cu) is 71. The Pettifor Number of Copper is 72. The Geochemical Class of Cu is first series transition metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 29 is chalcophile. | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | IB |
IUPAC Group | IB |
Glawe Number | 68 |
Mendeleev Number | 71 |
Pettifor Number | 72 |
Geochemical Class | first series transition metal |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other | |
The Gas Basicity of Copper is 632.4 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Cu is 46.5 plus or minus 0.5 a₀. Element 29 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 253 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 264 a₀. The Allotropes of Copper (Cu) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Copper is 3.78. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Cu is 0.0021. The Quantum Numbers of Element 29 is 2S1/2. The Space Group of Copper (Cu) is 225 (Fm_3m). | |
Gas Basicity | 632.4 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 253 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 3.78
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0021
|
Quantum Numbers | 2S1/2 |
Space Group | 225 (Fm_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 31 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 27 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 55.9 ± 1.5 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 80.8 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | 1.7213333333333 ± 0.0046666666666667
|
Half Life | 196.4 ± 0.7 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | 0.571 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 3.204 ± 0.007 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | 1.2620666666667 ± 0.0006
|
Half Life | 81.5 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | 0.61 ± 0.00025
|
Half Life | 23.7 ± 0.4 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | 1.4071333333333 ± 0.00033333333333333
|
Half Life | 3.343 ± 0.016 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | -0.38 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | 9.672 ± 0.008 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1936 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 69.15 ± 0.15
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.22 ± 0.015
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | -0.2166 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | 12.7004 ± 0.0013 h
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1936 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 61.52% |
β− (β− decay) | 38.48% |
Abundance | 30.85 ± 0.15
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.204 ± 0.014
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | -0.2826 ± 0.0008
|
Half Life | 5.12 ± 0.014 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | 1.6780666666667 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | 61.83 ± 0.12 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | 2.396 ± 0.0006
|
Half Life | 30.9 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | 1.8943333333333 ± 0.00066666666666667
|
Half Life | 2.85 ± 0.15 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | 0.22801666666667 ± 0.000083333333333333
|
Half Life | 44.5 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 19.4 ± 1.4 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.63 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.2 ± 0.12 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.029% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | -0.5335 ± 0.0006
|
Half Life | 1.606 ± 0.009 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.075% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | 0.40276 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | 1.224 ± 0.003 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | -0.36356666666667 ± 0.0005
|
Half Life | 637.7 ± 5.5 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 7.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | 0.63852 ± 0.00068
|
Half Life | 470.3 ± 1.7 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 30.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | 0.039666666666667 ± 0.0005
|
Half Life | 330.7 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 50.6% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 241.3 ± 2.1 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 66% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 113.3 ± 6.4 ms
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 58% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 73.2 ± 6.8 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 81% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 34 ± 7 ms
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2017 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BC in the Middle East. It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the copper and bronze ages. From the Latin word cuprum, from the island of Cyprus
Discoverers | Known to the ancients. |
---|---|
Discovery Location | |
Discovery Year | |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Symbol from Latin: cuprum (island of Cyprus famed for its copper mines). |
Pronunciation | KOP-er (English) |
Pure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually found in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O).
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 60 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.00025 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.0001 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0.011 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.00007 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.000006 %
|
1 | s | 0.6614 |
2 | p | 3.903 |
2 | s | 7.9802 |
3 | d | 15.7994 |
3 | p | 14.2694 |
3 | s | 13.4057 |
4 | s | 23.1576 |