Germanium (Ge)

grundstof med atomnummer 32

Atomnummer	32
Atommasse	72.63
mass number	74

Gruppe	14
Periode	4
Blok	p

proton	32 p⁺
neutron	42 n⁰
elektron	32 e^-

Animated Bohrs atommodel of Ge (Germanium)

Fysisk Egenskab

Atomradius	125 pm 234 pm
molar volume	13,6 cm³/mol
Kovalent Radius	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
Ionisk radius	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Van der Waals-radius	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
massefylde	5,3234 g/cm³ 5.600 kg/m³

Kemisk Egenskab

energi

proton affinity
electron affinity	1,232712 eV/particle
ioniseringsenergi	7,899435 eV/particle 15,93461 eV/particle 34,0576 eV/particle 45,715 eV/particle 90,5 eV/particle 115,9 eV/particle 144,9 eV/particle 176,4 eV/particle 212,5 eV/particle 252,1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527,9 eV/particle 567,29 eV/particle 609,06 eV/particle 662,8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837,1 eV/particle 880,444 eV/particle 2.180,1 eV/particle 2.304 eV/particle 2.439 eV/particle 2.575 eV/particle 2.737,2 eV/particle 2.881,9 eV/particle 3.074 eV/particle 3.194,293 eV/particle 13.557,4202 eV/particle 14.119,429 eV/particle

Fordampningsvarme	328 kJ/mol
smeltevarme	36,8 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	372 kJ/mol
elektron

Elektronskal	2, 8, 18, 4

Valenselektron	4 ⓘ

electron configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Oxidationstrin	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Elektronegativitet	11,8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1,5636638275958255 eV/particle
fundamental state of matter

stoffase	Fast stof
gaseous state of matter
Kogepunkt	3.106,15 K
Smeltepunkt	1.211,4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature	9.802,15 K
trippelpunkt
appearance
farve	Grå #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
appearance	grayish-white
Brydningsindeks
materialeegenskab
Varmeledningsevne	60,2 W/(m K)
Termisk ekspansion	0,000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23,222 J/(mol K)
Varmefylde	0,32 J/(g⋅K)
Adiabateksponenten
electrical properties
type	Semiconductor
specifik ledningsevne	0,002 MS/m
Elektrisk resistivitet	0,0005 Ω*m
superledning
Magnetisme
type	diamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	-0,0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	-0,000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	-0,00000798
magnetic ordering
Curietemperaturen
Néel temperature
struktur
Krystalstruktur	Fladecentreret Kubisk (DIA)
lattice constant	5,66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hårdhed	6 MPa
Kompressibilitetsmodul
Forskydningsmodul
E-modul
Poissons forhold
speed of sound	5.400 m/s
klassificering
Kategori	Halvmetaller, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classification	chalcophile

øvrige

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	2,2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0,0011
quantum number	3P0
rumgruppe	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

mass number	58
neutron number	26
Relative Atomic Mass	57,991863 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

mass number	59
neutron number	27
Relative Atomic Mass	58,982426 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	13,3 ± 1,7 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	2015
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

mass number	60
neutron number	28
Relative Atomic Mass	59,970445 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	21 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	2005
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

mass number	61
neutron number	29
Relative Atomic Mass	60,963725 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	40,7 ± 0,4 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1987
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

mass number	62
neutron number	30
Relative Atomic Mass	61,954761 ± 0,00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	82,5 ± 1,4 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1991
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

mass number	63
neutron number	31
Relative Atomic Mass	62,949628 ± 0,00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	153,6 ± 1,1 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1991
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

mass number	64
neutron number	32
Relative Atomic Mass	63,941689912 ± 0,000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	63,7 ± 2,5 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1972
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

mass number	65
neutron number	33
Relative Atomic Mass	64,939368136 ± 0,000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	30,9 ± 0,5 s
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1972
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

mass number	66
neutron number	34
Relative Atomic Mass	65,933862124 ± 0,000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	2,26 ± 0,05 h
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1950
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

mass number	67
neutron number	35
Relative Atomic Mass	66,932716999 ± 0,000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	18,9 ± 0,3 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1950
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

mass number	68
neutron number	36
Relative Atomic Mass	67,928095305 ± 0,000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	271,05 ± 0,08 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1948
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

mass number	69
neutron number	37
Relative Atomic Mass	68,927964467 ± 0,000001414 Da
g-factor	0,294 ± 0,0028
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	39,05 ± 0,1 h
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0,114 ± 0,007
opdagelsesdato	1938
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

mass number	70
neutron number	38
Relative Atomic Mass	69,924248542 ± 0,00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20,52 ± 0,19
radioaktivitet	stable isotope
halveringstid	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1923
Paritet	+

⁷¹Ge

mass number	71
neutron number	39
Relative Atomic Mass	70,92495212 ± 0,000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	11,43 ± 0,03 d
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1941
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

mass number	72
neutron number	40
Relative Atomic Mass	71,922075824 ± 0,000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27,45 ± 0,15
radioaktivitet	stable isotope
halveringstid	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1923
Paritet	+

⁷³Ge

mass number	73
neutron number	41
Relative Atomic Mass	72,923458954 ± 0,000000061 Da
g-factor	-0,19516444444444 ± 0,000011111111111111
natural abundance	7,76 ± 0,08
radioaktivitet	stable isotope
halveringstid	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	-0,196 ± 0,001
opdagelsesdato	1933
Paritet	+

⁷⁴Ge

mass number	74
neutron number	42
Relative Atomic Mass	73,92117776 ± 0,000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36,52 ± 0,12
radioaktivitet	stable isotope
halveringstid	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1923
Paritet	+

⁷⁵Ge

mass number	75
neutron number	43
Relative Atomic Mass	74,92285837 ± 0,000000055 Da
g-factor	1,018 ± 0,01
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	82,78 ± 0,04 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1939
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

mass number	76
neutron number	44
Relative Atomic Mass	75,921402725 ± 0,000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7,75 ± 0,12
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	1,88 ± 0,08 Zy
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1933
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

mass number	77
neutron number	45
Relative Atomic Mass	76,923549843 ± 0,000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	11,211 ± 0,003 h
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1939
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

mass number	78
neutron number	46
Relative Atomic Mass	77,922852911 ± 0,000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	88 ± 1 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1953
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

mass number	79
neutron number	47
Relative Atomic Mass	78,925359506 ± 0,000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	18,98 ± 0,03 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1970
Paritet

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

mass number	80
neutron number	48
Relative Atomic Mass	79,925350773 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	29,5 ± 0,4 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1972
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

mass number	81
neutron number	49
Relative Atomic Mass	80,928832941 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	9 ± 2 s
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1972
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

mass number	82
neutron number	50
Relative Atomic Mass	81,929774031 ± 0,000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	4,31 ± 0,19 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1972
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

mass number	83
neutron number	51
Relative Atomic Mass	82,9345391 ± 0,000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	1,85 ± 0,06 s
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1972
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

mass number	84
neutron number	52
Relative Atomic Mass	83,93757509 ± 0,000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	951 ± 9 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1972
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

mass number	85
neutron number	53
Relative Atomic Mass	84,942969658 ± 0,000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	495 ± 5 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1991
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

mass number	86
neutron number	54
Relative Atomic Mass	85,946967 ± 0,00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	221,6 ± 11 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1994
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

mass number	87
neutron number	55
Relative Atomic Mass	86,953204 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	103 ± 4 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1997
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

mass number	88
neutron number	56
Relative Atomic Mass	87,957574 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	61 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1997
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

mass number	89
neutron number	57
Relative Atomic Mass	88,96453 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1997
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

mass number	90
neutron number	58
Relative Atomic Mass	89,969436 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	2010
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

historie

opdager eller opfinder	Clemens Winkler
fundsted	Germany
opdagelsesdato	1886
etymologi	Latin: Germania (Germany).
udtale	jer-MAY-ni-em (engelsk)

source

Forekomst
Abundance in Earth's crust	1,5 mg/kg
natural abundance (verdenshave)	0,00005 mg/L
natural abundance (menneskelige krop)
natural abundance (Meteoroid)	0,0021 %
natural abundance (Solen)	0,00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0,00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Germanium on ChemicalAid

AUT NKC	ph927791
Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300380222
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3524
BNCF	21205
BNF	122010330
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	germanium
CAS-nummer	7440-56-4
ChEBI-ID	30441
ChemSpider ID	4885606
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5031056
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID8052483
Den Store Danske-ID	germanium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.331
Elhuyar ZTH ID	024624
Enciclopedia Treccani	germanio
Encyclopædia Universalis-ID	germanium
Freebase-ID	/m/025rs3d
French Vikidia ID	Germanium
GND-identifikator	4135644-5
Golden ID	Germanium-98MM
HSDB-ID	2118
InChI	InChI=1S/Ge
InChIKey	GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Germanium
LCAuth	sh85054449
MeSH ID	D005857
NDF-RT ID	N0000176163
NDL-nummer	00562424
Namuwiki ID	저마늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007565426605171
OmegaWiki-betydningsdefinition	159569
OpenAlex ID	C550623735
OpenAlex ID	C2909614401
PSH-ID	5798
PubChem CID	6326954
RxNorm ID	4784
Store katalanske encyklopædi-ID	0111877
Store norske leksikon-ID	germanium
Store russiske encyklopædi Online-ID	2354288
UMLS CUI	C0017479
UNII	00072J7XWS
USGS Thesaurus ID	1463
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662695-n
YSO ID	22858
ZVG-nummer	8270

Germanium (Ge)

Fysisk Egenskab

Kemisk Egenskab

øvrige

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

historie

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge