Atomic Number | 32 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 72.63 |
Mass Number | 74 |
Group | 14 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | p |
Protons | 32 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 42 n0 |
Electrons | 32 e- |
Atomic Radius | 125 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 13.6 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 121 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 124 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 73 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 87 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 211 pm
|
Density | 5.3234 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 1.232712 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 7.899435 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 328 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 36.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 372 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
Valence Electrons | 4 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
Oxidation States | -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Electronegativity | 2.01
|
Electrophilicity | 1.5636638275958255 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,106.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,211.4 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | 9,802.15 K
|
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Gray
|
Appearance | grayish-white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 60.2 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.000006 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 23.222 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.32 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Semiconductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 0.002 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0005 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000015 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000109 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.00000798
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (DIA) |
Lattice Constant | 5.66 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness |
6 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 5,400 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Metalloids, Metalloids |
CAS Group | IVB |
IUPAC Group | IVA |
Glawe Number | 84 |
Mendeleev Number | 89 |
Pettifor Number | 84 |
Geochemical Class | |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 354 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 2.2
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0011
|
Quantum Numbers | 3P0 |
Space Group | 225 (Fm_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 5 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 28 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 28 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 13.3 ± 1.7 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2015 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 93% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 0.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 21 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2005 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 100% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 14% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 40.7 ± 0.4 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 87% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 82.5 ± 1.4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 153.6 ± 1.1 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 63.7 ± 2.5 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 30.9 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.011% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.26 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 18.9 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 271.05 ± 0.08 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | 0.294 ± 0.0028
|
Half Life | 39.05 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.114 ± 0.007
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 20.52 ± 0.19
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11.43 ± 0.03 d
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 27.45 ± 0.15
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 7.76 ± 0.08
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | -0.19516444444444 ± 0.000011111111111111
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.196 ± 0.001
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 36.52 ± 0.12
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | 1.018 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 82.78 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 7.75 ± 0.12
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.88 ± 0.08 Zy
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11.211 ± 0.003 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 88 ± 1 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 18.98 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 29.5 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 9 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.31 ± 0.19 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.85 ± 0.06 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 951 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 10.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 495 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 17.2% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 221.6 ± 11 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 45% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 87 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 103 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 88 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 61 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 89 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 90 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon. In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite. The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955. From the Latin word Germania, Germany
Discoverers | Clemens Winkler |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Germany |
Discovery Year | 1886 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: Germania (Germany). |
Pronunciation | jer-MAY-ni-em (English) |
1 | s | 0.7063 |
2 | p | 3.9178 |
2 | s | 8.6352 |
3 | d | 15.7487 |
3 | p | 14.9864 |
3 | s | 14.2103 |
4 | p | 25.2196 |
4 | s | 23.9564 |