Germanium (Ge)

Germanium is the 32nd element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Ge and atomic number of 32. It has an atomic weight of 72.630 and a mass number of 74. Germanium has thirty-two protons and forty-two neutrons in its nucleus, and thirty-two electrons in four shells. It is located in group fourteen, period four and block p of the periodic table. Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler.

Atomic Number	32
Atomic Weight	72.63
Mass Number	74

Group	14
Period	4
Block	p

Protons	32 p⁺
Neutrons	42 n⁰
Electrons	32 e^-

Properties

Physical Properties
Atomic Radius	125 pm 234 pm
Molar Volume	13.6 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
Ionic Radius	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Van der Waals Radius	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
Density	5.3234 g/cm³ 5,600 kg/m³
Energy
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity	1.232712 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	7.899435 eV/particle 15.93461 eV/particle 34.0576 eV/particle 45.715 eV/particle 90.5 eV/particle 115.9 eV/particle 144.9 eV/particle 176.4 eV/particle 212.5 eV/particle 252.1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527.9 eV/particle 567.29 eV/particle 609.06 eV/particle 662.8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837.1 eV/particle 880.444 eV/particle 2,180.1 eV/particle 2,304 eV/particle 2,439 eV/particle 2,575 eV/particle 2,737.2 eV/particle 2,881.9 eV/particle 3,074 eV/particle 3,194.293 eV/particle 13,557.4202 eV/particle 14,119.429 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	328 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	36.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	372 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 8, 18, 4

Valence Electrons	4 ⓘ

Electron Configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Oxidation States	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Electronegativity	11.8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1.5636638275958255 eV/particle
States of Matter
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	3,106.15 K
Melting Point	1,211.4 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature	9,802.15 K
Triple Point
Visual
Germanium is a Gray. Ge has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #668f8f, and MOLCAS GV of #668f8f. The Appearance of Element 32 is grayish-white.
Color	Gray #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
Appearance	grayish-white
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	60.2 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.000006 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	23.222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.32 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Semiconductor
Electrical Conductivity	0.002 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.0005 m Ω
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Type	diamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	-0.0000000015 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	-0.000000000109 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	-0.00000798
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
The Crystal Structure of Germanium is DIA. The lattice constant of Ge is 5.66 Å. The lattice angles of Element 32 are π/2, π/2, π/2.
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (DIA)
Lattice Constant	5.66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties
Germanium has a Mohs hardness of 6 MPa. The Speed of Sound of Ge is 5400 m/s.
Hardness	6 MPa
Bulk Modulus
Shear Modulus
Young's Modulus
Poisson Ratio
Speed of Sound	5,400 m/s
Classification
The CAS Group of Germanium is IVB. The IUPAC Group of Ge is IVA. The Glawe Number of Element 32 is 84. The Mendeleev Number of Germanium (Ge) is 89. The Pettifor Number of Germanium is 84. The Goldschmidt Class of Ge is chalcophile.
Category	Metalloids, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt Class	chalcophile
Other
The Dipole Polarizability of Germanium is 40 plus or minus 1 a₀. Ge has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 354 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 365 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 32 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Germanium (Ge) is 2.2. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Germanium is 0.0011. The Quantum Numbers of Ge is 3P0. The Space Group of Element 32 is 225 (Fm_3m).
Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	2.2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0011
Quantum Numbers	3P0
Space Group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Radioactive Isotopes	29

⁵⁸Ge

Mass Number	58
Neutron Number	26
Relative Atomic Mass	57.991863 ± 0.000537 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

Mass Number	59
Neutron Number	27
Relative Atomic Mass	58.982426 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	13.3 ± 1.7 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2015
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

Mass Number	60
Neutron Number	28
Relative Atomic Mass	59.970445 ± 0.000322 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	21 ± 6 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2005
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

Mass Number	61
Neutron Number	29
Relative Atomic Mass	60.963725 ± 0.000322 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	40.7 ± 0.4 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1987
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

Mass Number	62
Neutron Number	30
Relative Atomic Mass	61.954761 ± 0.00015 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	82.5 ± 1.4 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1991
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

Mass Number	63
Neutron Number	31
Relative Atomic Mass	62.949628 ± 0.00004 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	153.6 ± 1.1 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1991
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

Mass Number	64
Neutron Number	32
Relative Atomic Mass	63.941689912 ± 0.000004 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	63.7 ± 2.5 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

Mass Number	65
Neutron Number	33
Relative Atomic Mass	64.939368136 ± 0.000002323 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	30.9 ± 0.5 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

Mass Number	66
Neutron Number	34
Relative Atomic Mass	65.933862124 ± 0.000002577 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	2.26 ± 0.05 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1950
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

Mass Number	67
Neutron Number	35
Relative Atomic Mass	66.932716999 ± 0.000004636 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	18.9 ± 0.3 m
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1950
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

Mass Number	68
Neutron Number	36
Relative Atomic Mass	67.928095305 ± 0.000002014 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	271.05 ± 0.08 d
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

Mass Number	69
Neutron Number	37
Relative Atomic Mass	68.927964467 ± 0.000001414 Da
G-Factor	0.294 ± 0.0028
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	39.05 ± 0.1 h
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.114 ± 0.007
Discovery Year	1938
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

Mass Number	70
Neutron Number	38
Relative Atomic Mass	69.924248542 ± 0.00000088 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	20.52 ± 0.19
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1923
Parity	+

⁷¹Ge

Mass Number	71
Neutron Number	39
Relative Atomic Mass	70.92495212 ± 0.000000874 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	11.43 ± 0.03 d
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1941
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

Mass Number	72
Neutron Number	40
Relative Atomic Mass	71.922075824 ± 0.000000081 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	27.45 ± 0.15
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1923
Parity	+

⁷³Ge

Mass Number	73
Neutron Number	41
Relative Atomic Mass	72.923458954 ± 0.000000061 Da
G-Factor	-0.19516444444444 ± 0.000011111111111111
Abundance	7.76 ± 0.08
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.196 ± 0.001
Discovery Year	1933
Parity	+

⁷⁴Ge

Mass Number	74
Neutron Number	42
Relative Atomic Mass	73.92117776 ± 0.000000013 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	36.52 ± 0.12
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1923
Parity	+

⁷⁵Ge

Mass Number	75
Neutron Number	43
Relative Atomic Mass	74.92285837 ± 0.000000055 Da
G-Factor	1.018 ± 0.01
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	82.78 ± 0.04 m
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1939
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

Mass Number	76
Neutron Number	44
Relative Atomic Mass	75.921402725 ± 0.000000019 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance	7.75 ± 0.12
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	1.88 ± 0.08 Zy
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1933
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

Mass Number	77
Neutron Number	45
Relative Atomic Mass	76.923549843 ± 0.000000056 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	11.211 ± 0.003 h
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1939
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

Mass Number	78
Neutron Number	46
Relative Atomic Mass	77.922852911 ± 0.000003795 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	88 ± 1 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1953
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

Mass Number	79
Neutron Number	47
Relative Atomic Mass	78.925359506 ± 0.000039893 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	18.98 ± 0.03 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1970
Parity

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

Mass Number	80
Neutron Number	48
Relative Atomic Mass	79.925350773 ± 0.000002205 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	29.5 ± 0.4 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

Mass Number	81
Neutron Number	49
Relative Atomic Mass	80.928832941 ± 0.000002205 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	9 ± 2 s
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

Mass Number	82
Neutron Number	50
Relative Atomic Mass	81.929774031 ± 0.000002405 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	4.31 ± 0.19 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

Mass Number	83
Neutron Number	51
Relative Atomic Mass	82.9345391 ± 0.000002604 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	1.85 ± 0.06 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

Mass Number	84
Neutron Number	52
Relative Atomic Mass	83.93757509 ± 0.000003403 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	951 ± 9 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

Mass Number	85
Neutron Number	53
Relative Atomic Mass	84.942969658 ± 0.000004003 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	495 ± 5 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1991
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

Mass Number	86
Neutron Number	54
Relative Atomic Mass	85.946967 ± 0.00047 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	221.6 ± 11 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1994
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

Mass Number	87
Neutron Number	55
Relative Atomic Mass	86.953204 ± 0.000322 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	103 ± 4 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

Mass Number	88
Neutron Number	56
Relative Atomic Mass	87.957574 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	61 ± 6 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

Mass Number	89
Neutron Number	57
Relative Atomic Mass	88.96453 ± 0.000429 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

Mass Number	90
Neutron Number	58
Relative Atomic Mass	89.969436 ± 0.000537 Da
G-Factor	0
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

History

In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon. In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite. The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955. From the Latin word Germania, Germany

Discoverers	Clemens Winkler
Discovery Location	Germany
Discovery Year	1886
Etymology (Name Origin)	Latin: Germania (Germany).
Pronunciation	jer-MAY-ni-em (English)

Germanium is not known to be toxic

Germanium and the oxide are transparent to infrared radiation

Uses

The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor in electronics. Germanium is used in transistors and in integrated circuits. It is used as an alloying agent and as a catalyst. It is also used in infrared spectroscopes and infrared detectors. Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium, and antimony.

Sources

Obtained from refining copper, zinc and lead.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	1.5 mg/kg
Natural Abundance (Oceans)	0.00005 mg/L
Natural Abundance (Human Body)
Natural Abundance (Meteor)	0.0021 %
Natural Abundance (Sun)	0.00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0.00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Also Known As

Ge
element 32
32Ge

Translations

Norwegian Bokmålgermanium
Russianгерманий
Frenchgermanium
Italiangermanio
GermanGermanium
Dutchgermanium
Spanishgermanio
Hungariangermánium
Afrikaansgermanium
Amharicጀርማኒየም
AragoneseChermanio
Arabicجرمانيوم
AzerbaijaniGermanium
BelarusianГерманій
Bulgarianгерманий
Banglaজার্মেনিয়াম
BretonGermaniom
Bosniangermanij
Catalangermani
CorsicanGermaniu
Czechgermanium
ChuvashГермани
WelshGermaniwm
Danishgermanium
Greekγερμάνιο
Esperantogermaniumo
EstonianGermaanium
Basquegermanio
Persianژرمانیم
Finnishgermanium
FriulianGjermani
Irishgearmáiniam
Galicianxermanio
Manxgermaanium
Hakka Chinesegermanium
Hebrewגרמניום
Hindiजर्मेनियम
Fiji HindiGermanium
CroatianGermanij
Haitian CreoleJèmanyòm
Armenianգերմանիում
Interlinguagermanium
Indonesiangermanium
Idogermanio
Icelandicgerman
Japaneseゲルマニウム
Lojbandotyjinme
JavaneseGermanium
Georgianგერმანიუმი
Korean저마늄
KurdishGermanyûm
KomiГерманий
Latingermanium
LuxembourgishGermanium
LigurianGermanio
LithuanianGermanis
Latviangermānijs
Malayalamജെർമേനിയം
Mongolianгермани
Marathiजर्मेनियम
Western MariГерманий
MalayGermanium
Low GermanGermanium
Norwegian Nynorskgermanium
OccitanGermani
Punjabiਜਰਮੇਨੀਅਮ
Polishgerman
pnbجرمینیم
Portuguesegermânio
QuechuaGermanyu
Romaniangermaniu
Siciliangirmaniu
Serbo-CroatianGermanijum
SlovakGermánium
SlovenianGermanij
AlbanianGermaniumi
Serbianгерманијум
Saterland FrisianGermanium
Swedishgermanium
SwahiliGerimani
Tamilஜேர்மானியம்
Teluguజెర్మేనియం
Thaiเจอร์เมเนียม
TurkishGermanyum
Uyghurگېرمانىي
Ukrainianгерманій
Urduجرمانیئم
UzbekGermaniy
VepsGermanii
Vietnamesegecmani
WarayGermanyo
KalmykГерманион
Yiddishגערמאניום
YorubaGermanium
Chinese锗
CebuanoGermanio
Central Kurdishجێرمانیۆم
MacedonianГерманиум
KazakhГерманий
Northern FrisianGermanium
Gujaratiજર્મેનિયમ
Odiaଜର୍ମାନିଅମ
TatarГерманий
PiedmonteseGermani
Scotsgermanium
SomaliJermaaniyaam
Newariजर्मेनियम
Cantonese鍺
Min Nan ChineseGermanium
Literary Chinese鍺
Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)герман
Chinese (China)锗
Chinese (Simplified)锗
Chinese (Traditional)鍺
Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)鍺
Chinese (Taiwan)鍺
AromanianGermaniu
Nepaliजर्मेनियम
KyrgyzГерманий
LimburgishGermanium
FaroeseGermanium
Portuguese (Brazil)germânio
Sanskritजर्मेनियम
Malteseġermanju
LombardGermànio
AsturianXermaniu
Scottish GaelicGearmainium
Paliजर्मेनियम
TajikГерманий
cdoGermanium
Bhojpuriजर्मेनियम
azbژرمانیوم
Tibetanའཇར་མི་ནིམ།
SundaneseGérmanium
Kannadaಜರ್ಮೇನಿಯಮ್
Lingua Franca Novagermanio
Wu Chinese锗
Burmeseဂျာမန်နီယံ
kbpZɛrɩmanɩyɔm
TagalogHermaniyo
oloGermanium
SardinianGermàniu
BashkirГерманий
Moroccan Arabicجيرمانيوم
Pashtoجرمانيوم
Egyptian Arabicجرمانيوم
bclHermaniyo
CornishGermaniom
BalineseGérmanium
MalagasyZermaniôma
blkဇျာမေနီယမ်

Germanium on ChemicalAid

Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300380222
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3524
BNCF Thesaurus ID	21205
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	122010330
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	germanium
CAS Registry Number	7440-56-4
ChEBI ID	30441
ChemSpider ID	4885606
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5031056
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID8052483
Den Store Danske ID	germanium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.331
Elhuyar ZTH ID	024624
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	germanium
Freebase ID	/m/025rs3d
French Vikidia ID	Germanium
GND ID	4135644-5
Golden ID	Germanium-98MM
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0111877
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2354288
HSDB ID	2118
InChI	InChI=1S/Ge
InChIKey	GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Germanium
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85054449
MeSH descriptor ID	D005857
NDF-RT ID	N0000176163
NDL Authority ID	00562424
NKCR AUT ID	ph927791
Namuwiki ID	저마늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007565426605171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	159569
OpenAlex ID	C550623735
OpenAlex ID	C2909614401
PSH ID	5798
PubChem CID	6326954
RxNorm ID	4784
Store norske leksikon ID	germanium
Treccani ID	germanio
UMLS CUI	C0017479
UNII	00072J7XWS
USGS Thesaurus ID	1463
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662695-n
YSO ID	22858
ZVG number	8270

Germanium (Ge)

Properties

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge