Germaanium (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32

Atomic Number	32
Atomic Weight	72.63
massiarv	74

Group	14
Period	4
Block	p

prooton	32 p⁺
neutron	42 n⁰
elektron	32 e^-

Animated Bohri aatomiteooria of Ge (Germaanium)

Füüsikalised Omadused

Aatomiraadius	125 pm 234 pm
molaarruumala	13,6 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
ionic radius	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
density	5,3234 g/cm³ 5 600 kg/m³

Keemilised Omadused

energia

proton affinity
Elektronafiinsus	1,232712 eV/particle
ionization energy	7,899435 eV/particle 15,93461 eV/particle 34,0576 eV/particle 45,715 eV/particle 90,5 eV/particle 115,9 eV/particle 144,9 eV/particle 176,4 eV/particle 212,5 eV/particle 252,1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527,9 eV/particle 567,29 eV/particle 609,06 eV/particle 662,8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837,1 eV/particle 880,444 eV/particle 2 180,1 eV/particle 2 304 eV/particle 2 439 eV/particle 2 575 eV/particle 2 737,2 eV/particle 2 881,9 eV/particle 3 074 eV/particle 3 194,293 eV/particle 13 557,4202 eV/particle 14 119,429 eV/particle

aurustumissoojus	328 kJ/mol
sulamissoojus	36,8 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	372 kJ/mol
elektron

elektronkiht	2, 8, 18, 4

valentselektron	4 ⓘ

elektronkonfiguratsioon	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

oksüdatsiooniaste	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
elektronegatiivsus	11,8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1,5636638275958255 eV/particle
fundamental state of matter

phase of matter	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	3 106,15 K
Melting Point	1 211,4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature	9 802,15 K
kolmikpunkt
Välimus
värvus	Gray #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
Välimus	grayish-white
Murdumisnäitaja
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity	60,2 W/(m K)
soojuspaisumine	0,000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23,222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0,32 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Semiconductor
Elektrijuhtivus	0,002 MS/m
Eritakistus	0,0005 Ω*m
Ülijuhtivus
Magnetism
type	diamagnetic
Magnetiline vastuvõtlikkus (Mass)	−0,0000000015 m³/Kg
Magnetiline vastuvõtlikkus (Molar)	−0,000000000109 m³/mol
Magnetiline vastuvõtlikkus (Volume)	−0,00000798
magnetic ordering
Curie punkt
Néel temperature
struktuur
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (DIA)
lattice constant	5,66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
kõvadus	6 MPa
Ruumpaisumismoodul
Nihkeelastsusmoodul
Normaalelastsusmoodul
Poissoni tegur
heli kiirus	5 400 m/s
Klassifitseerimine
Category	Metalloids, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classification	chalcophile

teine

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	2,2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0,0011
Kvantarv	3P0
space group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

massiarv	58
neutron number	26
Relative Atomic Mass	57,991863 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

massiarv	59
neutron number	27
Relative Atomic Mass	58,982426 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	13,3 ± 1,7 ms
spinn	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
avastamise aeg	2015
parity	-

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

massiarv	60
neutron number	28
Relative Atomic Mass	59,970445 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	21 ± 6 ms
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	2005
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

massiarv	61
neutron number	29
Relative Atomic Mass	60,963725 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	40,7 ± 0,4 ms
spinn	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
avastamise aeg	1987
parity	-

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

massiarv	62
neutron number	30
Relative Atomic Mass	61,954761 ± 0,00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	82,5 ± 1,4 ms
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1991
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

massiarv	63
neutron number	31
Relative Atomic Mass	62,949628 ± 0,00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	153,6 ± 1,1 ms
spinn	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
avastamise aeg	1991
parity	-

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

massiarv	64
neutron number	32
Relative Atomic Mass	63,941689912 ± 0,000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	63,7 ± 2,5 s
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

massiarv	65
neutron number	33
Relative Atomic Mass	64,939368136 ± 0,000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	30,9 ± 0,5 s
spinn	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
avastamise aeg	1972
parity	-

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

massiarv	66
neutron number	34
Relative Atomic Mass	65,933862124 ± 0,000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	2,26 ± 0,05 h
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1950
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

massiarv	67
neutron number	35
Relative Atomic Mass	66,932716999 ± 0,000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	18,9 ± 0,3 m
spinn	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1950
parity	-

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

massiarv	68
neutron number	36
Relative Atomic Mass	67,928095305 ± 0,000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	271,05 ± 0,08 d
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1948
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

massiarv	69
neutron number	37
Relative Atomic Mass	68,927964467 ± 0,000001414 Da
g-factor	0,294 ± 0,0028
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	39,05 ± 0,1 h
spinn	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0,114 ± 0,007
avastamise aeg	1938
parity	-

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

massiarv	70
neutron number	38
Relative Atomic Mass	69,924248542 ± 0,00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20,52 ± 0,19
radioaktiivsus	Stabiilne isotoop
Poolestusaeg	Not Radioactive ☢️
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1923
parity	+

⁷¹Ge

massiarv	71
neutron number	39
Relative Atomic Mass	70,92495212 ± 0,000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	11,43 ± 0,03 d
spinn	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1941
parity	-

decay mode	Intensiivsus
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

massiarv	72
neutron number	40
Relative Atomic Mass	71,922075824 ± 0,000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27,45 ± 0,15
radioaktiivsus	Stabiilne isotoop
Poolestusaeg	Not Radioactive ☢️
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1923
parity	+

⁷³Ge

massiarv	73
neutron number	41
Relative Atomic Mass	72,923458954 ± 0,000000061 Da
g-factor	−0,19516444444444 ± 0,000011111111111111
natural abundance	7,76 ± 0,08
radioaktiivsus	Stabiilne isotoop
Poolestusaeg	Not Radioactive ☢️
spinn	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	−0,196 ± 0,001
avastamise aeg	1933
parity	+

⁷⁴Ge

massiarv	74
neutron number	42
Relative Atomic Mass	73,92117776 ± 0,000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36,52 ± 0,12
radioaktiivsus	Stabiilne isotoop
Poolestusaeg	Not Radioactive ☢️
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1923
parity	+

⁷⁵Ge

massiarv	75
neutron number	43
Relative Atomic Mass	74,92285837 ± 0,000000055 Da
g-factor	1,018 ± 0,01
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	82,78 ± 0,04 m
spinn	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1939
parity	-

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

massiarv	76
neutron number	44
Relative Atomic Mass	75,921402725 ± 0,000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7,75 ± 0,12
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	1,88 ± 0,08 Zy
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1933
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

massiarv	77
neutron number	45
Relative Atomic Mass	76,923549843 ± 0,000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	11,211 ± 0,003 h
spinn	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
avastamise aeg	1939
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

massiarv	78
neutron number	46
Relative Atomic Mass	77,922852911 ± 0,000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	88 ± 1 m
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1953
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

massiarv	79
neutron number	47
Relative Atomic Mass	78,925359506 ± 0,000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	18,98 ± 0,03 s
spinn	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1970
parity

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

massiarv	80
neutron number	48
Relative Atomic Mass	79,925350773 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	29,5 ± 0,4 s
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

massiarv	81
neutron number	49
Relative Atomic Mass	80,928832941 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	9 ± 2 s
spinn	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
avastamise aeg	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

massiarv	82
neutron number	50
Relative Atomic Mass	81,929774031 ± 0,000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	4,31 ± 0,19 s
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

massiarv	83
neutron number	51
Relative Atomic Mass	82,9345391 ± 0,000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	1,85 ± 0,06 s
spinn	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
avastamise aeg	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

massiarv	84
neutron number	52
Relative Atomic Mass	83,93757509 ± 0,000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	951 ± 9 ms
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

massiarv	85
neutron number	53
Relative Atomic Mass	84,942969658 ± 0,000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	495 ± 5 ms
spinn	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
avastamise aeg	1991
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

massiarv	86
neutron number	54
Relative Atomic Mass	85,946967 ± 0,00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	221,6 ± 11 ms
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1994
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

massiarv	87
neutron number	55
Relative Atomic Mass	86,953204 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	103 ± 4 ms
spinn	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
avastamise aeg	1997
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

massiarv	88
neutron number	56
Relative Atomic Mass	87,957574 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg	61 ± 6 ms
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	1997
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

massiarv	89
neutron number	57
Relative Atomic Mass	88,96453 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg
spinn	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
avastamise aeg	1997
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

massiarv	90
neutron number	58
Relative Atomic Mass	89,969436 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiivsus	☢️ radioactive element
Poolestusaeg
spinn	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
avastamise aeg	2010
parity	+

decay mode	Intensiivsus
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

ajalugu

leiutaja või avastaja	Clemens Winkler
location of discovery	Germany
avastamise aeg	1886
etümoloogia	Latin: Germania (Germany).
pronunciation	jer-MAY-ni-em (inglise)

allikas

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	1,5 mg/kg
natural abundance (ookean)	0,00005 mg/L
natural abundance (Inimkeha)
natural abundance (meteoorkeha)	0,0021 %
natural abundance (Päike)	0,00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0,00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Germaanium on ChemicalAid

Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300380222
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3524
BNCF Thesaurus ID	21205
BNF	122010330
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	germanium
CAS Registry Number	7440-56-4
ChEBI ID	30441
ChemSpider ID	4885606
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5031056
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID8052483
Den Store Danske ID	germanium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.331
Elhuyar ZTH ID	024624
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	germanium
Freebase	/m/025rs3d
French Vikidia ID	Germanium
GND	4135644-5
Golden ID	Germanium-98MM
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0111877
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2354288
HSDB ID	2118
InChI	InChI=1S/Ge
InChIKey	GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Germanium
LCCN	sh85054449
MeSH descriptor ID	D005857
NDF-RT ID	N0000176163
NDL-tunnus	00562424
NKCR AUT ID	ph927791
Namuwiki ID	저마늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007565426605171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	159569
OpenAlex ID	C550623735
OpenAlex ID	C2909614401
PSH ID	5798
PubChem CID	6326954
RxNorm ID	4784
Store norske leksikon ID	germanium
Treccani ID	germanio
UMLS CUI	C0017479
UNII	00072J7XWS
USGS Thesaurus ID	1463
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662695-n
YSO ID	22858
ZVG number	8270

Germaanium (Ge)

Füüsikalised Omadused

Keemilised Omadused

teine

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

ajalugu

allikas

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge