Германий (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32

Atomic Number	32
Atomic Weight	72.63
mass number	74

Group	14
Period	4
Block	p

Протон	32 p⁺
Нейтрон	42 n⁰
Электрон	32 e^-

Physical Property

Атомдук Радиус	125 pm 234 pm
molar volume	13,6 cm³/mol
covalent radius	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
ionic radius	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
density	5,3234 g/cm³ 5 600 kg/m³

Chemical Property

энергия

proton affinity
electron affinity	1,232712 eV/particle
ionization energy	7,899435 eV/particle 15,93461 eV/particle 34,0576 eV/particle 45,715 eV/particle 90,5 eV/particle 115,9 eV/particle 144,9 eV/particle 176,4 eV/particle 212,5 eV/particle 252,1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527,9 eV/particle 567,29 eV/particle 609,06 eV/particle 662,8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837,1 eV/particle 880,444 eV/particle 2 180,1 eV/particle 2 304 eV/particle 2 439 eV/particle 2 575 eV/particle 2 737,2 eV/particle 2 881,9 eV/particle 3 074 eV/particle 3 194,293 eV/particle 13 557,4202 eV/particle 14 119,429 eV/particle

enthalpy of vaporization	328 kJ/mol
enthalpy of fusion	36,8 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	372 kJ/mol
Электрон

electron shell	2, 8, 18, 4

valence electron	4 ⓘ

electron configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

oxidation number	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
electronegativity	11,8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1,5636638275958255 eV/particle
fundamental state of matter

phase of matter	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	3 106,15 K
Melting Point	1 211,4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature	9 802,15 K
triple point
appearance
Түс –	Gray #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
appearance	grayish-white
refractive index
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity	60,2 W/(m K)
thermal expansion	0,000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23,222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0,32 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Semiconductor
electrical conductivity	0,002 MS/m
electrical resistivity	0,0005 Ω*m
superconductivity
Магнетизм
type	diamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	-0,0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	-0,000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	-0,00000798
magnetic ordering
Curie temperature
Néel temperature
түзүм
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (DIA)
lattice constant	5,66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hardness	6 MPa
bulk modulus
shear modulus
Young's modulus
Poisson's ratio
speed of sound	5 400 m/s
classification
Category	Metalloids, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Литофиль элементтери	chalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	2,2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0,0011
Кванттык сандар	3P0
space group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

mass number	58
neutron number	26
Relative Atomic Mass	57,991863 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

mass number	59
neutron number	27
Relative Atomic Mass	58,982426 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	13,3 ± 1,7 ms
Спин	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	2015
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

mass number	60
neutron number	28
Relative Atomic Mass	59,970445 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	21 ± 6 ms
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	2005
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

mass number	61
neutron number	29
Relative Atomic Mass	60,963725 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	40,7 ± 0,4 ms
Спин	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1987
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

mass number	62
neutron number	30
Relative Atomic Mass	61,954761 ± 0,00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	82,5 ± 1,4 ms
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

mass number	63
neutron number	31
Relative Atomic Mass	62,949628 ± 0,00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	153,6 ± 1,1 ms
Спин	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1991
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

mass number	64
neutron number	32
Relative Atomic Mass	63,941689912 ± 0,000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	63,7 ± 2,5 s
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

mass number	65
neutron number	33
Relative Atomic Mass	64,939368136 ± 0,000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	30,9 ± 0,5 s
Спин	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1972
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

mass number	66
neutron number	34
Relative Atomic Mass	65,933862124 ± 0,000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	2,26 ± 0,05 h
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1950
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

mass number	67
neutron number	35
Relative Atomic Mass	66,932716999 ± 0,000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	18,9 ± 0,3 m
Спин	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1950
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

mass number	68
neutron number	36
Relative Atomic Mass	67,928095305 ± 0,000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	271,05 ± 0,08 d
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1948
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

mass number	69
neutron number	37
Relative Atomic Mass	68,927964467 ± 0,000001414 Da
g-factor	0,294 ± 0,0028
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	39,05 ± 0,1 h
Спин	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0,114 ± 0,007
time of discovery or invention	1938
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

mass number	70
neutron number	38
Relative Atomic Mass	69,924248542 ± 0,00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20,52 ± 0,19
Радиоактивдүүлүк	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1923
parity	+

⁷¹Ge

mass number	71
neutron number	39
Relative Atomic Mass	70,92495212 ± 0,000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	11,43 ± 0,03 d
Спин	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1941
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

mass number	72
neutron number	40
Relative Atomic Mass	71,922075824 ± 0,000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27,45 ± 0,15
Радиоактивдүүлүк	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1923
parity	+

⁷³Ge

mass number	73
neutron number	41
Relative Atomic Mass	72,923458954 ± 0,000000061 Da
g-factor	-0,19516444444444 ± 0,000011111111111111
natural abundance	7,76 ± 0,08
Радиоактивдүүлүк	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Спин	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	-0,196 ± 0,001
time of discovery or invention	1933
parity	+

⁷⁴Ge

mass number	74
neutron number	42
Relative Atomic Mass	73,92117776 ± 0,000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36,52 ± 0,12
Радиоактивдүүлүк	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1923
parity	+

⁷⁵Ge

mass number	75
neutron number	43
Relative Atomic Mass	74,92285837 ± 0,000000055 Da
g-factor	1,018 ± 0,01
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	82,78 ± 0,04 m
Спин	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1939
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

mass number	76
neutron number	44
Relative Atomic Mass	75,921402725 ± 0,000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7,75 ± 0,12
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	1,88 ± 0,08 Zy
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1933
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

mass number	77
neutron number	45
Relative Atomic Mass	76,923549843 ± 0,000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	11,211 ± 0,003 h
Спин	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1939
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

mass number	78
neutron number	46
Relative Atomic Mass	77,922852911 ± 0,000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	88 ± 1 m
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1953
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

mass number	79
neutron number	47
Relative Atomic Mass	78,925359506 ± 0,000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	18,98 ± 0,03 s
Спин	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1970
parity

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

mass number	80
neutron number	48
Relative Atomic Mass	79,925350773 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	29,5 ± 0,4 s
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

mass number	81
neutron number	49
Relative Atomic Mass	80,928832941 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	9 ± 2 s
Спин	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

mass number	82
neutron number	50
Relative Atomic Mass	81,929774031 ± 0,000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	4,31 ± 0,19 s
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

mass number	83
neutron number	51
Relative Atomic Mass	82,9345391 ± 0,000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	1,85 ± 0,06 s
Спин	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

mass number	84
neutron number	52
Relative Atomic Mass	83,93757509 ± 0,000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	951 ± 9 ms
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

mass number	85
neutron number	53
Relative Atomic Mass	84,942969658 ± 0,000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	495 ± 5 ms
Спин	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

mass number	86
neutron number	54
Relative Atomic Mass	85,946967 ± 0,00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	221,6 ± 11 ms
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1994
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

mass number	87
neutron number	55
Relative Atomic Mass	86,953204 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	103 ± 4 ms
Спин	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

mass number	88
neutron number	56
Relative Atomic Mass	87,957574 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life	61 ± 6 ms
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

mass number	89
neutron number	57
Relative Atomic Mass	88,96453 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life
Спин	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

mass number	90
neutron number	58
Relative Atomic Mass	89,969436 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Радиоактивдүүлүк	☢️ Радиоактивдүү элементтер —
half-life
Спин	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	2010
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

тарых

discoverer or inventor	Clemens Winkler
location of discovery	Germany
time of discovery or invention	1886
Этимология	Latin: Germania (Germany).
pronunciation	jer-MAY-ni-em (англисче)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	1,5 mg/kg
natural abundance (Океан)	0,00005 mg/L
natural abundance (human body)
natural abundance (meteoroid)	0,0021 %
natural abundance (Күн)	0,00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0,00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Германий on ChemicalAid

Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300380222
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3524
BNCF Thesaurus ID	21205
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	122010330
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	germanium
CAS Registry Number	7440-56-4
ChEBI ID	30441
ChemSpider ID	4885606
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5031056
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID8052483
Den Store Danske ID	germanium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.331
Elhuyar ZTH ID	024624
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	germanium
Freebase ID	/m/025rs3d
French Vikidia ID	Germanium
GND ID	4135644-5
Golden ID	Germanium-98MM
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0111877
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2354288
HSDB ID	2118
InChI	InChI=1S/Ge
InChIKey	GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Germanium
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85054449
MeSH descriptor ID	D005857
NDF-RT ID	N0000176163
NDL Authority ID	00562424
NKCR AUT ID	ph927791
Namuwiki ID	저마늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007565426605171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	159569
OpenAlex ID	C550623735
OpenAlex ID	C2909614401
PSH ID	5798
PubChem CID	6326954
RxNorm ID	4784
Store norske leksikon ID	germanium
Treccani ID	germanio
UMLS CUI	C0017479
UNII	00072J7XWS
USGS Thesaurus ID	1463
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662695-n
YSO ID	22858
ZVG number	8270

Германий (Ge)

Physical Property

Chemical Property

other

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

тарых

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge