Hydrogen (H)
Hydrogen is the 1st element in the periodic table and has a symbol of H and atomic number of 1. It has an atomic weight of 1.008 and a mass number of 1. Hydrogen has one proton and zero neutrons in its nucleus, and one electron in one shell. It is located in group one, period one and block s of the periodic table. Colourless, odourless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
| Atomic Number | 1 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 1.008 |
| Mass Number | 1 |
| Group | 1 |
|---|---|
| Period | 1 |
| Block | s |
| Protons | 1 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 0 n0 |
| Electrons | 1 e- |
Physical Properties
| Atomic Radius | 25 pm
|
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | 14.1 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 32 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | |
| Ionic Radius | -38 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | -24 pm
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
110 pm
|
| Density | 0.000082 g/cm³
|
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | 0.754195 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Energy | 13.598434005136 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 0.904 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 0.117 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 217.998 kJ/mol
|
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 1 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 1 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | 1s1ⓘ |
  | |
| Oxidation States | -1, 1 |
| Electronegativity |
2.2
|
| Electrophilicity Index | 2.00476999140139 eV/particle
|
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Gas |
| Gas Phase | Diatomic |
| Boiling Point | 20.271 K
|
| Melting Point | 13.99 K
|
| Critical Pressure | 1.2858 MPa
|
| Critical Temperature | 32.938 K
|
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Hydrogen is a Colorless. H has a CPK of #ffffff, Jmol of #ffffff, and MOLCAS GV of #f2f2f2. The Appearance of Element 1 is colorless gas. The Refractive Index of Hydrogen (H) is 1.000132. | |
| Color | Colorless
|
| Appearance | colorless gas |
| Refractive Index | 1.000132
|
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | 0.1815 W/(m K)
|
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | 28.836 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 14.304 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | 7/5 |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | |
| Electrical Conductivity | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | diamagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000248 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.00000000004999 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.00000000223
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Hydrogen is HEX. The lattice constant of H is 3.75 Å. The lattice angles of Element 1 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
| Lattice Constant | 3.75 Å
|
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
The Speed of Sound of Hydrogen is 1270 m/s. | |
| Hardness | |
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | 1,270 m/s
|
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Hydrogen is IA. The IUPAC Group of H is IA. The Glawe Number of Element 1 is 103. The Mendeleev Number of Hydrogen (H) is 105. The Pettifor Number of Hydrogen is 103. The Geochemical Class of H is volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 1 is atmophile. | |
| Category | Other nonmetals, Nonmetals |
| CAS Group | IA |
| IUPAC Group | IA |
| Glawe Number | 103 |
| Mendeleev Number | 105 |
| Pettifor Number | 103 |
| Geochemical Class | volatile |
| Goldschmidt Class | atmophile |
Other
The Dipole Polarizability of Hydrogen is 4.50711 plus or minus 3.0E-5 a₀. H has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 6.499026705 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 6.51 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 1 is Dihydrogen. The Neutron Cross Section of Hydrogen (H) is 0.332. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Hydrogen is 0.011. The Quantum Numbers of H is 2S1/2. The Space Group of Element 1 is 194 (P63/mmc).
Isotopes of Hydrogen
| Stable Isotopes | 2 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 5 |
| Natural Isotopes | 2 |
1H
| Mass Number | 1 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 0 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 5.585694702 ± 0.000000018
|
| Abundance | 99.9855 ± 0.0078
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1920 |
| Parity | + |
2D
| Mass Number | 2 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 1 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.857438231 ± 0.000000005
|
| Abundance | 0.0145 ± 0.0078
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1932 |
| Parity | + |
3T
| Mass Number | 3 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 2 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 5.95792492 ± 0.000000028
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 12.32 ± 0.02 y
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1934 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
4H
| Mass Number | 4 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 3 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 139 ± 10 ys
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1981 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) | 100% |
5H
| Mass Number | 5 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 4 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 86 ± 6 ys
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1987 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 100% |
6H
| Mass Number | 6 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 5 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 294 ± 67 ys
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1984 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) | |
| 3n (3-neutron emission) |
7H
| Mass Number | 7 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 6 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 652 ± 558 ys
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 2003 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
History
Henry Cavendish was the first to distinguish hydrogen from other gases in 1766 when he prepared it by reacting hydrochloric acid with zinc. In 1670, English scientist Robert Boyle had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. French scientist Antoine Lavoisier later named the element hydrogen in 1783. From the Greek word hydro (water), and genes (forming)
| Discoverers | Henry Cavendish |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | England |
| Discovery Year | 1766 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: hydro (water) and genes (generate) |
| Pronunciation | HI-dreh-jen (English) |
Hydrogen poses a number of hazards to safety, from fires when mixed with air to being an asphyxiant in its pure form
Hydrogen is the primary component of Jupiter and the other gas giant planets
Uses
Liquid hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel. Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators. Hydrogen's two heavier isotopes (deuterium and tritium) are used in nuclear fusion. Used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding. Most hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia. Also used in balloons and in metal refining. Also used as fuel in rockets. Its two heavier isotopes are: deuterium (D) and tritium (T) used respectively for nuclear fission and fusion.
Sources
Commercial quantities are produced by reacting superheated steam with methane or carbon. In lab work from reaction of metals with acid solutions or electrolysis.
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 1,400 mg/kg
|
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | 108,000 mg/L
|
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 10 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 2.4 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 75 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 75 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0 |
Also Known As
- H
- element 1
- 1H
Translations
- Italianidrogeno
- Frenchhydrogène
- Norwegian Bokmålhydrogen
- GermanWasserstoff
- Dutchwaterstof
- Polishwodór
- Russianводород
- Spanishhidrógeno
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)вадарод
- Min Nan ChineseChúi-sò͘
- Ilokohidroheno
- Chinese (Traditional)氫
- Afrikaanswaterstof
- Amharicሃይድሮጅን
- Aragonesehidrochén
- Bretonhidrogen
- Old EnglishWætertimber
- Arabicهيدروجين
- Egyptian Arabicهايدروجين
- Esperantohidrogeno
- Czechvodík
- Asturianhidróxenu
- Azerbaijanihidrogen
- Bashkirводород
- BavarianWassastoff
- Belarusianвадарод
- Bulgarianводород
- Banglaহাইড্রোজেন
- Bosnianvodik
- Catalanhidrogen
- Central Kurdishھایدرۆجین
- CorsicanIdrogenu
- Welshhydrogen
- Danishbrint
- ZazaHidrocen
- Greekυδρογόνο
- Estonianvesinik
- Basquehidrogeno
- Persianهیدروژن
- Finnishvety
- Faroesehydrogen
- Northern FrisianWeederstoof
- FriulianIdrogjen
- Western Frisianwetterstof
- Irishhidrigin
- Scottish Gaelichaidridean
- Galicianhidróxeno
- Guaranitatavevýi
- Gujaratiહાઈડ્રોજન
- Manxhiddragien
- Hakka Chinesekhîn
- Hawaiianeawai
- Hebrewמימן
- Hindiहाइड्रोजन
- Fiji Hindihydrogen
- Croatianvodik
- Upper Sorbianwodźik
- Haitian Creoleidwojèn
- Hungarianhidrogén
- Armenianջրածին
- Interlinguahydrogeno
- Indonesianhidrogen
- Idohido
- Icelandicvetni
- Japanese水素
- Lojbancidro
- JavaneseHidrogen
- Georgianწყალბადი
- Kazakhсутегі
- Khmerអ៊ីដ្រូសែន
- Kannadaಜಲಜನಕ
- Korean수소
- Komi-PermyakВаувтыр
- ColognianWasserstoff
- KurdishHîdrojen
- KomiВачужысь
- KyrgyzСуутек
- Latinhydrogenium
- LuxembourgishWaasserstoff
- LimburgishWaterstof
- Ligurianidrogeno
- Lombardidrògen
- Lingalaidrojɛ́ní
- Lithuanianvandenilis
- Latvianūdeņradis
- MokshaВедьшачфты
- Mariвӱдеж
- Māorihauwai
- Macedonianводород
- Malayalamഹൈഡ്രജൻ
- Mongolianустөрөгч
- Marathiहायड्रोजन
- Western MariВодород
- Malayhidrogen
- Malteseidroġenu
- Burmeseဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင်
- ErzyaВедь чачтый
- nahĀyōcoxqui
- Low GermanWaterstoff
- Nepaliहाइड्रोजन
- Newariहाइड्रोजन
- Norwegian Nynorskhydrogen
- Novialhidrogene
- NavajoHáájiʼjin
- OccitanIdrogèn
- OsseticДонгуыр
- Punjabiਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ
- Papiamentohidrógeno
- pihHiidrojen
- Western Panjabiہائیڈروجن
- PonticΥδρογόνον
- Pashtoهايډروجن
- Portuguesehidrogénio
- QuechuaYakuchaq
- Romanianhidrogen
- RusynГідроґен
- Sanskritहाइड्रोजन
- SardinianIdrogeno
- Sicilianidrògginu
- Scotshydrogen
- Serbo-CroatianVodik
- Sinhalaහයිඩ්රජන්
- Slovakvodík
- Slovenianvodik
- SomaliHydrogen
- AlbanianHidrogjeni
- Serbianводоник
- Saterland FrisianWoaterstof
- SundaneseHidrogén
- Swedishväte
- SwahiliHidrojeni
- Tamilநீரியம்
- Teluguహైడ్రోజన్
- Tajikҳидроген
- Thaiไฮโดรเจน
- Tagaloghidroheno
- Turkishhidrojen
- Tatarсутуар
- Uyghurھىدروگېن
- Ukrainianводень
- Urduآبساز
- UzbekVodorod
- VenetianIdrògeno
- VepsVezinik
- Vietnamesehydro
- West FlemishWoaterstof
- WalloonIdrodjinne
- WarayHidroheno
- Wu Chinese氢
- KalmykҮстөр
- Yiddishהידראגען
- YorubaHáídrójìn
- Chinese氢
- Low German (Netherlands)Waeterstof
- Swiss GermanWasserstoff
- English (Canada)hydrogen
- English (United Kingdom)hydrogen
- Portuguese (Brazil)hidrogênio
- Cantonese氫
- Divehiހައިޑްރަޖަން
- LezghianВодород
- Cebuanohidroheno
- Lower SorbianWóźik
- Odiaଉଦ୍ଜାନ
- emlIdrôgen
- KikuyuHydrogen
- PiedmonteseIdrògen
- Chinese (China)氢
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)氫
- SamogitianOndėnilis
- Literary Chinese氫
- Aromanianhydroghenium
- Buriatуһантүрэгшэ
- Palatine GermanWassaschdoff
- YakutВодород
- cdoKĭng
- Kara-KalpakVodorod
- TuvinianВодород
- Gan Chinese氫
- Paliहाइड्रोजन
- Bhojpuriहाइड्रोजन
- azbهیدروژن
- Chuvashшыва кĕрекен
- Tibetanཡང་རླུང་།
- Jamaican Creole EnglishAijrojin
- oloVezisuadu
- Assameseউদজান
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)氫
- Chinese (Simplified)氢
- Chinese (Malaysia)氢
- Chinese (Singapore)氢
- Chinese (Taiwan)氫
- Lingua Franca Novaidrojen
- Tatar (Cyrillic)сутуар
- Chechenхилург
- kbpHɩdrɔzɛnɩ
- ShonaHydrogen
- VolapükHidrin
- ExtremaduranIdrógenu
- Mingrelianწყარბადი
- German (Switzerland)Wasserstoff
- KabyleHidṛujin
- hywՋրածին
- gcrIdrojèn
- Santaliᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ
- German (Austria)Wasserstoff
- Spanish (Latin America)hidrógeno
- Moroccan Arabicهيدروجين
- MalagasyHidirôzenina
- FijianHydrogen
- BalineseHidrogén
- Cornishhidrojen
- lldIdrogen
- BikolIdrohino
- Manipuriꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ
- Inari Samivety
- Crimean Tatargidrogen
- Malay (Arabic)هيدروݢن
- TachelhitAhidrujin
- MirandeseHeidrogénio
- Church SlavicВодородъ
- SilesianWodōr
- Skolt Samihydrogeeʹn
- Northern Samihydrogena
- InterlingueHidrogen
- Kashmiriہایڈروجَن
- Sindhiھائڊروجن
- skrہائیڈروجن
- blkဟုဲက်ဒရိုစဲန်
- ZuluIHwanzi
- OromoHaayidroojiinii
