Atomic Number | 77 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 192.217 |
Mass Number | 193 |
Group | 9 |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | d |
Protons | 77 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 116 n0 |
Electrons | 77 e- |
Atomic Radius | 135 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 8.54 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 122 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 127 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 68 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 82 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 213 pm
|
Density | 22.5622 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 1.5638 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 8.96702 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 604 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 27.61 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 669 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 |
Oxidation States | -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 |
Electronegativity | 2.2
|
Electrophilicity | 1.872465121129725 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 4,701.15 K
|
Melting Point | 2,719.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 147 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000064 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.1 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.131 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 21 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000004699999999998 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 0.11 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.00000000167 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000000321 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0000377
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (FCC) |
Lattice Constant | 3.84 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 6.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 320 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 210 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 528 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.26
|
Speed of Sound | 4,825 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | VIIIA |
IUPAC Group | VIII |
Glawe Number | 62 |
Mendeleev Number | 65 |
Pettifor Number | 65 |
Geochemical Class | noble metal |
Goldschmidt Class | siderophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 425
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.081
|
Quantum Numbers | 4F9/2 |
Space Group | 225 (Fm_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 41 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 40 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 163 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 164 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
α (α emission) | % |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 165 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 166 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 10.5 ± 2.2 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 93% |
p (proton emission) | 7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 167 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 29.3 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 43.5% |
p (proton emission) | 38.6% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 168 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 230 ± 50 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 169 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 353 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 53% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 170 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 910 ± 150 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
α (α emission) | 5.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 171 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.1 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
α (α emission) | 15% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 172 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.4 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 98% |
α (α emission) | 2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 173 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 9 ± 0.8 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 96.5% |
α (α emission) | 3.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 174 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 7.9 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.5% |
α (α emission) | 0.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 175 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 9 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.15% |
α (α emission) | 0.85% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 176 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8.7 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 96.9% |
α (α emission) | 3.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 177 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 29.8 ± 1.7 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.06% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 178 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 12 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 179 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 79 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 180 |
G-Factor | 0.5 ± 0.04
|
Half Life | 1.5 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 181 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.9 ± 0.15 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 182 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 15 ± 1 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 183 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 58 ± 5 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 184 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.09 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.41 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 185 |
G-Factor | 1.0384 ± 0.0052
|
Half Life | 14.4 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1958 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 186 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 16.64 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | -2.55 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1958 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 187 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 10.5 ± 0.3 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.941 ± 0.011
|
Discovery Year | 1958 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 188 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 41.5 ± 0.5 h
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.484 ± 0.006
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 189 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 13.2 ± 0.1 d
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 190 |
G-Factor | 0.01 ± 0.0025
|
Half Life | 11.78 ± 0.1 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.87 ± 0.16
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 0.002% |
Abundance | 37.3 ± 0.2
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 191 |
G-Factor | 0.10013333333333 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.816 ± 0.009
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 192 |
G-Factor | 0.47925 ± 0.0025
|
Half Life | 73.82 ± 0.014 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.15 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 95.24% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 4.76% |
Abundance | 62.7 ± 0.2
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 193 |
G-Factor | 0.10866666666667 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.751 ± 0.009
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 194 |
G-Factor | 0.39 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 19.35 ± 0.07 h
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.339 ± 0.012
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 195 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.29 ± 0.17 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 196 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 52 ± 1.1 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 197 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.8 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 198 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8.7 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 199 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 7 ± 5 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1993 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 200 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 43 ± 6 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2008 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 201 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 21 ± 5 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2008 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 202 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11 ± 3 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2008 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 203 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 204 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2011 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 205 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Iridium was discovered in 1803 by English chemist Smithson Tennant in London. Chemists who studied platinum dissolved it in aqua regia to create soluble salts and observed a small amount of a dark, insoluble residue. Smithson Tennant analyzed the insoluble residue and concluded that it must contain a new metal. From the Latin word iris meaning rainbow
Discoverers | S.Tenant, A.F.Fourcory, L.N.Vauquelin, H.V.Collet-Descoltils |
---|---|
Discovery Location | England/France |
Discovery Year | 1804 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: iris (rainbow). |
Pronunciation | i-RID-i-em (English) |
Found in gravel deposits with platinum.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 0.001 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | |
Abundance in Human Body | |
Abundance in Meteor | 0.000054 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.0000002 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0000002 %
|
1 | s | 1.4881 |
2 | p | 4.4624 |
2 | s | 20.1102 |
3 | d | 13.514 |
3 | p | 21.9311 |
3 | s | 22.7942 |
4 | d | 37.2628 |
4 | f | 38.6552 |
4 | p | 35.086 |
4 | s | 34.152 |
5 | d | 58.304 |
5 | p | 53.339 |
5 | s | 51.1545 |
6 | s | 66.4334 |