Atomic Number | 19 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 39.0983 |
Mass Number | 39 |
Group | 1 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | s |
Protons | 19 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 20 n0 |
Electrons | 19 e- |
Atomic Radius | 220 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 45.3 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 196 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 203 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 137 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 151 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 275 pm
|
Density | 0.89 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.50147 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 4.34066354 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 2.33 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 102.5 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 89 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 8, 1 |
Valence Electrons | 1 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 4s1 |
Oxidation States | -1, 1 |
Electronegativity | 0.82
|
Electrophilicity | 0.7633848415985606 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 1,032.15 K
|
Melting Point | 336.65 K
|
Critical Pressure | 16 MPa
|
Critical Temperature | 2,223.15 K
|
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery gray |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 79 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | 29.6 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.757 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 14 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000007000000000002 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000067 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000000262 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.00000574
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | 5.23 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 0.4 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 3.1 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 1.3 GPa
|
Young Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 2,000 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Alkali metals, Alkali metals |
CAS Group | IA |
IUPAC Group | IA |
Glawe Number | 10 |
Mendeleev Number | 3 |
Pettifor Number | 10 |
Geochemical Class | alkali metal |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 3,923 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 2.1
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0018
|
Quantum Numbers | 2S1/2 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 3 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 26 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 24 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 31 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2019 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
3p | 100% |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 32 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 33 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 34 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 35 |
G-Factor | 0.26133333333333 ± 0.0046666666666667
|
Half Life | 175.2 ± 1.9 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.37% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 36 |
G-Factor | 0.274 ± 0.0005
|
Half Life | 341 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.048% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.0034% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 37 |
G-Factor | 0.13547333333333 ± 0.00004
|
Half Life | 1.23651 ± 0.00094 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.109 ± 0.004
|
Discovery Year | 1958 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 38 |
G-Factor | 0.457 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 7.651 ± 0.019 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 93.2581 ± 0.0044
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 39 |
G-Factor | 0.26098 ± 0.0000053333333333333
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.0603 ± 0.0006
|
Discovery Year | 1921 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 0.0117 ± 0.0001
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 40 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.248 ± 0.003 Gy
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.075 ± 0.0008
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 89.28% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 10.72% |
Abundance | 6.7302 ± 0.0044
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | 0.143248 ± 0.0000033333333333333
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.0734 ± 0.0007
|
Discovery Year | 1921 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 42 |
G-Factor | -0.57125 ± 0.0003
|
Half Life | 12.355 ± 0.007 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 43 |
G-Factor | 0.10886666666667 ± 0.00053333333333333
|
Half Life | 22.3 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 44 |
G-Factor | -0.428 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 22.13 ± 0.19 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | 0.1156 ± 0.00053333333333333
|
Half Life | 17.8 ± 0.6 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 46 |
G-Factor | -0.5255 ± 0.003
|
Half Life | 96.3 ± 0.08 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1965 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | 3.866 ± 0.018
|
Half Life | 17.38 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.83 ± 0.14 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.14% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | 2.6772 ± 0.0016
|
Half Life | 1.26 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 86% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 472 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 28.6% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | 0.342 ± 0.0013333333333333
|
Half Life | 365 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 65% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 110 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 72.2% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 2.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 30 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 64% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 10% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 10 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2019 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Potassium's symbol K comes from 'kalium' the name of the element in Germany and Scandinavia. Potassium metal was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy, who derived it from caustic potash by the use of electrolysis of the molten salt with the newly discovered voltaic pile. Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis. From the English word, potash - pot ashes; Latin kalium, Arab qali, alkali
Discoverers | Sir Humphrey Davy |
---|---|
Discovery Location | England |
Discovery Year | 1807 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | English: pot ash; symbol from Latin: kalium, (alkali). |
Pronunciation | pe-TASS-i-em (English) |
Found in minerals like carnallite [(KMgCl3).6H2O] & sylvite (potassium chloride, KCL). Pure metal is produced by the reaction of hot potassium chloride and sodium vapors in a special retort.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 20,900 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 399 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.2 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0.07 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.0004 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0003 %
|
1 | s | 0.5105 |
2 | p | 3.9728 |
2 | s | 5.9938 |
3 | p | 11.2744 |
3 | s | 10.3201 |
4 | s | 15.5048 |