Krypton

Krypton (Kr)

Krypton is the 36th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Kr and atomic number of 36. It has an atomic weight of 83.798 and a mass number of 84. Krypton has thirty-six protons and forty-eight neutrons in its nucleus, and thirty-six electrons in four shells. It is located in group eighteen, period four and block p of the periodic table. Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001% by volume. It can be extracted from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, and five radioactive isotopes. Kr-85, the most stable radioactive isotope, has a half-life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with Fluorine.
Atomic Number36
Atomic Weight83.798
Mass Number84
Group18
Period4
Blockp
Protons36 p+
Neutrons48 n0
Electrons36 e-
Animated Bohr Model of Kr (Krypton)

Physical Properties

Atomic Radius
Molar Volume
Covalent Radius
Metallic Radius
Ionic Radius
Crystal Radius
Van der Waals Radius
Density

Chemical Properties

Energy
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy
Ionization Energies of Kr (Krypton)
Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Formation
Electrons
Electron Shells2, 8, 18, 8
Bohr Model: Kr (Krypton)
Valence Electrons8
Lewis Structure: Kr (Krypton)
Electron Configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
Enhanced Bohr Model of Kr (Krypton)
Orbital Diagram of Kr (Krypton)
Oxidation States0, 1, 2
Electronegativity
Electrophilicity Index
States of Matter
PhaseGas
Gas PhaseMonoatomic
Boiling Point
Melting Point
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual

Krypton is a Colorless. Kr has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #5cb8d1, and MOLCAS GV of #5cb8d1. The Appearance of Element 36 is colorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in a high electric field. The Refractive Index of Krypton (Kr) is 1.000427.

Color
Colorless
Appearancecolorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in a high electric field
Refractive Index
1.000427
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Expansion
Molar Heat Capacity
Specific Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)5/3
Electrical Properties
Type
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Resistivity
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Typediamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)
-0.0000000044 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)
-0.000000000369 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)
-0.0000000165
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure

The Crystal Structure of Krypton is FCC. The lattice constant of Kr is 5.72 Å. The lattice angles of Element 36 are π/2, π/2, π/2.

Crystal StructureFace Centered Cubic (FCC)
Lattice Constant
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties

The Speed of Sound of Krypton is 1120 m/s.

Hardness
Bulk Modulus
Shear Modulus
Young's Modulus
Poisson Ratio
Speed of Sound
Classification

The CAS Group of Krypton is VIII. The IUPAC Group of Kr is VIIIA. The Glawe Number of Element 36 is 4. The Mendeleev Number of Krypton (Kr) is 115. The Pettifor Number of Krypton is 4. The Geochemical Class of Kr is volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 36 is atmophile.

CategoryNoble gases, Noble gases
CAS GroupVIII
IUPAC GroupVIIIA
Glawe Number4
Mendeleev Number115
Pettifor Number4
Geochemical Classvolatile
Goldschmidt Classatmophile

Other

The Gas Basicity of Krypton is 402.4 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Kr is 16.78 plus or minus 0.02 a₀. Element 36 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 130 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 136 a₀. The Allotropes of Krypton (Kr) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Krypton is 25. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Kr is 0.013. The Quantum Numbers of Element 36 is 1S0. The Space Group of Krypton (Kr) is 225 (Fm_3m).

Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section
25
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.013
Quantum Numbers1S0
Space Group225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Krypton

Stable Isotopes4
Unstable Isotopes31
Natural Isotopes6
Isotopic Composition8456.99%8456.99%8617.28%8617.28%8211.59%8211.59%8311.50%8311.50%802.29%802.29%780.36%780.36%

67Kr

Mass Number67
Neutron Number31
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
7.4 ± 2.9 ms
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2016
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
2p (2-proton emission)37%
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)

68Kr

Mass Number68
Neutron Number32
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
21.6 ± 3.3 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year2016
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)90%
p (proton emission)

69Kr

Mass Number69
Neutron Number33
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
27.9 ± 0.8 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1995
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)94%

70Kr

Mass Number70
Neutron Number34
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
45 ± 0.14 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1995
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)1.3%

71Kr

Mass Number71
Neutron Number35
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
98.8 ± 0.3 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1981
Parity

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)2.1%

72Kr

Mass Number72
Neutron Number36
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
17.16 ± 0.18 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1973
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

73Kr

Mass Number73
Neutron Number37
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
27.3 ± 1 s
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1972
Parity

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)0.25%

74Kr

Mass Number74
Neutron Number38
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
11.5 ± 0.11 m
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1960
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

75Kr

Mass Number75
Neutron Number39
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.2124 ± 0.0016
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
4.6 ± 0.07 m
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
1.137 ± 0.013
Discovery Year1960
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

76Kr

Mass Number76
Neutron Number40
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
14.8 ± 0.1 h
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1954
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

77Kr

Mass Number77
Neutron Number41
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.2332 ± 0.0012
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
72.6 ± 0.9 m
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.948 ± 0.01
Discovery Year1948
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

78Kr

Mass Number78
Neutron Number42
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
0.355 ± 0.003
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1920
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
+ (double β+ decay)

79Kr

Mass Number79
Neutron Number43
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
1.072 ± 0.004
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
35.04 ± 0.1 h
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1948
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

80Kr

Mass Number80
Neutron Number44
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
2.286 ± 0.01
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1920
Parity+

81Kr

Mass Number81
Neutron Number45
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.25914285714286 ± 0.00057142857142857
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
229 ± 11 ky
Spin7/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.644 ± 0.004
Discovery Year1950
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
ϵ (electron capture)100%

82Kr

Mass Number82
Neutron Number46
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
11.593 ± 0.031
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1920
Parity+

83Kr

Mass Number83
Neutron Number47
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.21571777777778 ± 0.00000066666666666667
Abundance
11.5 ± 0.019
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.259 ± 0.001
Discovery Year1920
Parity+

84Kr

Mass Number84
Neutron Number48
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
56.987 ± 0.015
RadioactivityStable
Half LifeNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1920
Parity+

85Kr

Mass Number85
Neutron Number49
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.22344444444444 ± 0.000088888888888889
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
10.728 ± 0.007 y
Spin9/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.443 ± 0.003
Discovery Year1940
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

86Kr

Mass Number86
Neutron Number50
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
17.279 ± 0.041
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1920
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
(double β decay)

87Kr

Mass Number87
Neutron Number51
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.4088 ± 0.0008
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
76.3 ± 0.5 m
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
-0.3 ± 0.003
Discovery Year1940
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

88Kr

Mass Number88
Neutron Number52
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
2.825 ± 0.019 h
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1939
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

89Kr

Mass Number89
Neutron Number53
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.22 ± 0.002
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
3.15 ± 0.04 m
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.166 ± 0.002
Discovery Year1940
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

90Kr

Mass Number90
Neutron Number54
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
32.32 ± 0.09 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1951
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%

91Kr

Mass Number91
Neutron Number55
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.2332 ± 0.0008
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
8.57 ± 0.04 s
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
0.303 ± 0.006
Discovery Year1951
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)

92Kr

Mass Number92
Neutron Number56
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
1.84 ± 0.008 s
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1951
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)0.0332%

93Kr

Mass Number93
Neutron Number57
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.826 ± 0.004
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
1.287 ± 0.01 s
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1951
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)1.95%

94Kr

Mass Number94
Neutron Number58
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
212 ± 4 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1972
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)1.11%

95Kr

Mass Number95
Neutron Number59
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
-0.82 ± 0.006
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
114 ± 3 ms
Spin1/2
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)2.87%
2n (2-neutron emission)

96Kr

Mass Number96
Neutron Number60
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
80 ± 8 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1994
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)3.7%

97Kr

Mass Number97
Neutron Number61
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
62.2 ± 3.2 ms
Spin3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1997
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)6.7%
2n (2-neutron emission)

98Kr

Mass Number98
Neutron Number62
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
42.8 ± 3.6 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1997
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)7%
2n (2-neutron emission)

99Kr

Mass Number99
Neutron Number63
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
40 ± 11 ms
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year1997
Parity-

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)11%
2n (2-neutron emission)

100Kr

Mass Number100
Neutron Number64
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
0
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
12 ± 8 ms
Spin0
Quadrupole Moment
0
Discovery Year1997
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

101Kr

Mass Number101
Neutron Number65
Relative Atomic Mass
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year2010
Parity+

Decay ModeIntensity
β (β decay)
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)
Krypton discharge tube

History

Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay and his assistant English chemist Morris Travers discovered krypton in 1898 in London. They found krypton in the residue left from evaporating nearly all components of liquid air. William Ramsay was awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovery of a series of noble gases, including krypton. From the Greek word kryptos, hidden

DiscoverersSir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers
Discovery LocationGreat Britain
Discovery Year1898
Etymology (Name Origin)Greek: kryptos (hidden).
PronunciationKRIP-ton (English)
Krypton is considered to be non-toxic
When ionized, krypton gas emits bright white light

Uses

Krypton is used in certain photographic flash lamps for high-speed photography. Krypton-83 has application in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for imaging airways. Krypton is used as a filling gas for energy-saving fluorescent lights and as an inert filling gas in incandescent bulbs. Used in lighting products. Some is used as inert filler-gas in incandescent bulbs. Some is mixed with argon in fluorescent lamps. The most important use is in flashing stroboscopic lamps that outline airport runways.

Sources

Forms 1 millionth of the atmosphere. Obtained from production of liquid air.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust
Natural Abundance (Oceans)
Natural Abundance (Human Body)
Natural Abundance (Meteor)
Natural Abundance (Sun)
Abundance in Universe
0.000004 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.7684
2p3.953
2s9.602
3d15.3741
3p15.5658
3s14.9673
4p26.2308
4s24.6844

Also Known As

  • Kr
  • element 36
  • 36Kr

Translations

  • Norwegian Bokmålkrypton
  • Frenchkrypton
  • Italiankripton
  • Russianкриптон
  • GermanKrypton
  • Dutchkrypton
  • Spanishkriptón
  • Danishkrypton
  • Norwegian Nynorskkrypton
  • Hungariankripton
  • Polishkrypton
  • Afrikaanskripton
  • Amharicክሪፕተን
  • AragoneseCriptón
  • Arabicكريبتون
  • AzerbaijaniKripton
  • BelarusianКрыптон
  • Bulgarianкриптон
  • Banglaক্রিপ্টন
  • BretonKripton
  • Bosniankripton
  • Catalancriptó
  • CorsicanKriptone
  • Czechkrypton
  • ChuvashКриптон
  • WelshCrypton
  • Greekκρυπτό
  • Esperantokriptono
  • Estoniankrüptoon
  • Basquekripton
  • Persianکریپتون
  • Finnishkrypton
  • FriulianCripton
  • Western FrisianKrypton
  • IrishCrioptón
  • Galiciancripton
  • ManxKrypton
  • Hakka ChineseKrypton
  • Hebrewקריפטון
  • Hindiक्रिप्टन
  • Fiji HindiKrypton
  • CroatianKripton
  • Haitian CreoleKripton
  • Armenianկրիպտոն
  • Interlinguakrypton
  • Indonesiankripton
  • Idokriptono
  • Icelandickrypton
  • Japaneseクリプトン
  • Lojbanmipnavni
  • JavaneseKripton
  • Georgianკრიპტონი
  • KazakhКриптон
  • Kannadaಕ್ರಿಪ್ಟಾನ್
  • Korean크립톤
  • KomiКриптон
  • Latinkrypton
  • LuxembourgishKrypton
  • LimburgishKrypton
  • LigurianKripton
  • LithuanianKriptonas
  • Latviankriptons
  • MacedonianКриптон
  • Malayalamക്രിപ്റ്റോൺ
  • Marathiक्रिप्टॉन
  • Western MariКриптон
  • MalayKripton
  • Low GermanKrypton
  • OccitanCripton
  • Punjabiਕ੍ਰਿਪਟਨ
  • Western Panjabiکرپٹون
  • Portuguesecrípton
  • QuechuaKriptun
  • Romaniankripton
  • Siciliancripton
  • Serbo-CroatianKripton
  • SlovakKryptón
  • SlovenianKripton
  • Serbianкриптон
  • Saterland FrisianKrypton
  • Swedishkrypton
  • SwahiliKriptoni
  • Tamilகிருப்டான்
  • Thaiคริปทอน
  • TagalogKriptono
  • TurkishKripton
  • Uyghurكرىپتون
  • Ukrainianкриптон
  • UzbekKripton
  • VepsKripton
  • Vietnamesekrypton
  • WarayKripton
  • KalmykКриптон
  • Yiddishקריפטאן
  • YorubaKrypton
  • Chinese
  • CebuanoKripton
  • Central Kurdishکریپتۆن
  • Northern FrisianKrypton
  • Odiaକ୍ରିପ୍‌ଟନ
  • Gujaratiક્રિપ્ટોન
  • TatarКриптон
  • PiedmonteseKrìpton
  • Scotskrypton
  • SomaliKiribtoon
  • ErzyaКриптон
  • Literary Chinese
  • Cantonese
  • Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)крыптон
  • English (United Kingdom)krypton
  • Newariक्रिप्टन
  • AlbanianKriptoni
  • AromanianKripton
  • Church SlavicКрѷптонъ
  • FaroeseKrypton
  • KyrgyzКриптон
  • cdoKáik
  • Burmeseကရစ်ပတွန်
  • Nepaliक्रिप्टन
  • Maltesekripton
  • AsturianCriptón
  • LombardKripton
  • Scottish GaelicCriopton
  • Portuguese (Brazil)criptônio
  • Gan Chinese
  • Sanskritक्रिप्टान
  • Bhojpuriक्रिप्टन
  • Min Nan ChineseKrypton
  • SinhalaKripton
  • Mongolianкриптон
  • Tibetanསྦས་རླུང་།
  • SundaneseKripton
  • Mapuchekripton
  • Lingua Franca Novacripton
  • kbpKrɩpɩtɔnɩ
  • Teluguక్రిప్టాన్
  • Wu Chinese
  • oloKriptounu
  • Chinese (Traditional)
  • Chinese (Taiwan)
  • TajikКриптон
  • Chinese (Simplified)
  • SardinianCriptòn
  • azbکریپتون
  • BashkirКриптон
  • Moroccan Arabicكريپتون
  • German (Switzerland)Krypton
  • English (Canada)Krypton
  • Egyptian Arabicكريبتون
  • Pashtoکرېپټون
  • BikolKrypton
  • CornishKrypton
  • BalineseKripton
  • Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)
  • Urduکرپٹون
  • GandaKeriputooni
  • Northern Samikrypton
  • Inari Samikrypton
  • ZuluUmKhalahwe