Atomic Number | 61 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 144.91276 |
Mass Number | 126 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | f |
Protons | 61 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 65 n0 |
Electrons | 61 e- |
Atomic Radius | 185 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | |
Covalent Radius | 173 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 97 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 111 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
238 pm
|
Density | 7.26 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | 5.582 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | |
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | |
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f5 6s2 |
Oxidation States | 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | |
Electrophilicity | |
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | |
Melting Point | 1,315.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | metallic |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 17.9 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.000011 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | |
Specific Heat Capacity | |
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 1.3 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000075 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | |
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | () |
Lattice Constant | |
Lattice Angles | |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 33 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 18 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 46 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.28
|
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 28 |
Mendeleev Number | 21 |
Pettifor Number | 29 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 8,400
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | |
Quantum Numbers | 6H5/2 |
Space Group | () |
Stable Isotopes | 0 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 40 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 40 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 126 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 127 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 128 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
p (proton emission) | 0% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 129 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.4 ± 0.9 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2004 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 130 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.6 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 131 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.3 ± 0.8 s
|
Spin | 11/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 132 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.2 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 133 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 13.5 ± 2.1 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 134 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 22 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 135 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 49 ± 3 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 136 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 107 ± 6 s
|
Spin | 7 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1988 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 137 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 138 |
G-Factor | 1.0666666666667 ± 0.3
|
Half Life | 3.24 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 139 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.15 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 140 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 9.2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 141 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 20.9 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 142 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 40.5 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 77.1% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 22.9% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 143 |
G-Factor | 1.52 ± 0.2
|
Half Life | 265 ± 7 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 5.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 144 |
G-Factor | 0.338 ± 0.028
|
Half Life | 363 ± 14 d
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 145 |
G-Factor | 1.52 ± 0.064
|
Half Life | 17.7 ± 0.4 y
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.23 ± 0.08
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 2.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 146 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.53 ± 0.05 y
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 66% |
β− (β− decay) | 34% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 147 |
G-Factor | 0.73714285714286 ± 0.02
|
Half Life | 2.6234 ± 0.0002 y
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.74 ± 0.2
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 148 |
G-Factor | 2.1 ± 0.2
|
Half Life | 5.368 ± 0.007 d
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.2 ± 0.2
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 149 |
G-Factor | 0.94285714285714 ± 0.14285714285714
|
Half Life | 53.08 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 150 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.698 ± 0.015 h
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 151 |
G-Factor | 0.72 ± 0.08
|
Half Life | 28.4 ± 0.04 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.2 ± 0.9
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 152 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.12 ± 0.08 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1958 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 153 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.25 ± 0.02 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1962 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 154 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.68 ± 0.07 m
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1958 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 155 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 41.5 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 156 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 27.4 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 157 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 10.56 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 158 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.8 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 159 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.49 ± 0.13 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 160 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 725 ± 57 ms
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 161 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.05 ± 0.15 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 162 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 630 ± 180 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 163 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 255 ± 25 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 164 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 165 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
The existence of an element between neodymium and samarium was first predicted by Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner in 1902. Promethium was first produced and characterized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1945 by Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell. It was produced by the separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel irradiated in a graphite reactor. Named after the Greek Prometheus, who, according to mythology, stole fire from heaven
Discoverers | J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell |
---|---|
Discovery Location | United States |
Discovery Year | 1945 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Named for the Greek god, Prometheus. |
Pronunciation | pro-MEE-thi-em (English) |
Does not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | |
Abundance in Oceans | |
Abundance in Human Body | 0 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0 %
|
1 | s | 1.2042 |
2 | p | 4.2562 |
2 | s | 16.0296 |
3 | d | 13.9018 |
3 | p | 19.4461 |
3 | s | 19.8154 |
4 | d | 33.26 |
4 | f | 37.866 |
4 | p | 30.3768 |
4 | s | 29.3604 |
5 | p | 44.586 |
5 | s | 42.1645 |
6 | s | 51.6046 |