Promethium (Pm)
Promethium is the 61st element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Pm and atomic number of 61. It has an atomic weight of (144.91276) and a mass number of 126. Promethium has sixty-one protons and sixty-five neutrons in its nucleus, and sixty-one electrons in six shells. It is located in group Lanthanides, period six and block f of the periodic table. Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Pm-147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a half-life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but all have very short half-lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. Pm-147 is of interest as a beta-decay source, however Pm-146 and Pm-148 have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 1947.
| Atomic Number | 61 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 144.91276 |
| Mass Number | 126 |
| Group | |
|---|---|
| Period | 6 |
| Block | f |
| Protons | 61 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 65 n0 |
| Electrons | 61 e- |
Physical Properties
| Atomic Radius | |
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | |
| Covalent Radius | |
| Metallic Radius | |
| Ionic Radius | |
| Crystal Radius | |
| Van der Waals Radius | |
| Density |
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | |
| Ionization Energy | |
| Heat of Vaporization | |
| Heat of Fusion | |
| Heat of Formation | |
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 2 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f5 6s2ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f5 6s2 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | 2, 3 |
| Electronegativity | |
| Electrophilicity Index | |
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Gas Phase | |
| Boiling Point | |
| Melting Point | |
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Promethium is a Silver. Pm has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #a3ffc7, and MOLCAS GV of #a3ffc7. The Appearance of Element 61 is metallic. | |
| Color | Silver
|
| Appearance | metallic |
| Refractive Index | |
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | |
| Specific Heat Capacity | |
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | Conductor |
| Electrical Conductivity | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | |
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The lattice angles of Promethium is . | |
| Crystal Structure | () |
| Lattice Constant | |
| Lattice Angles | |
| Mechanical Properties | |
The Bulk Modulus of Promethium is 33 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Pm is 18 GPa. The Young Modulus of Element 61 is 46 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Promethium (Pm) is 0.28. | |
| Hardness | |
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | 0.28
|
| Speed of Sound | |
| Classification | |
The Glawe Number of Promethium is 28. The Mendeleev Number of Pm is 21. The Pettifor Number of Element 61 is 29. The Geochemical Class of Promethium (Pm) is rare earth & related. The Goldschmidt Class of Promethium is litophile. | |
| Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
| CAS Group | |
| IUPAC Group | |
| Glawe Number | 28 |
| Mendeleev Number | 21 |
| Pettifor Number | 29 |
| Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other
The Dipole Polarizability of Promethium is 200 plus or minus 20 a₀. Pm has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 3340 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 61 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Promethium (Pm) is 8400. The Quantum Numbers of Promethium is 6H5/2. The Space Group of Pm is ().
| Gas Basicity | |
|---|---|
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
| Allotropes | |
| Neutron Cross Section | 8,400
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | |
| Quantum Numbers | 6H5/2 |
| Space Group | () |
Isotopes of Promethium
| Stable Isotopes | 0 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 40 |
| Natural Isotopes | 0 |
126Pm
| Mass Number | 126 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 65 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
127Pm
| Mass Number | 127 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 66 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
| p (proton emission) |
128Pm
| Mass Number | 128 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 67 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1 ± 0.3 s
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1999 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | |
| p (proton emission) | 0% |
129Pm
| Mass Number | 129 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 68 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.4 ± 0.9 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2004 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | |
| p (proton emission) |
130Pm
| Mass Number | 130 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 69 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.6 ± 0.2 s
|
| Spin | 5 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1985 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
131Pm
| Mass Number | 131 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 70 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 6.3 ± 0.8 s
|
| Spin | 11/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1998 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
132Pm
| Mass Number | 132 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 71 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 6.2 ± 0.6 s
|
| Spin | 3 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1977 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 5% |
133Pm
| Mass Number | 133 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 72 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 13.5 ± 2.1 s
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1977 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
134Pm
| Mass Number | 134 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 73 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 22 ± 1 s
|
| Spin | 5 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1977 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
135Pm
| Mass Number | 135 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 74 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 49 ± 3 s
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1975 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
136Pm
| Mass Number | 136 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 75 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 107 ± 6 s
|
| Spin | 7 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1988 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
137Pm
| Mass Number | 137 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 76 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1975 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) |
138Pm
| Mass Number | 138 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 77 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.0666666666667 ± 0.3
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 3.24 ± 0.05 m
|
| Spin | 3 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1973 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
139Pm
| Mass Number | 139 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 78 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.15 ± 0.05 m
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1967 |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
140Pm
| Mass Number | 140 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 79 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 9.2 ± 0.2 s
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1966 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
141Pm
| Mass Number | 141 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 80 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 20.9 ± 0.05 m
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1952 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
142Pm
| Mass Number | 142 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 81 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 40.5 ± 0.5 s
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1959 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| e+ (positron emission) | 77.1% |
| ϵ (electron capture) | 22.9% |
143Pm
| Mass Number | 143 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 82 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.52 ± 0.2
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 265 ± 7 d
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1952 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
| e+ (positron emission) | 5.7% |
144Pm
| Mass Number | 144 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 83 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.338 ± 0.028
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 363 ± 14 d
|
| Spin | 5 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1952 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
| e+ (positron emission) | 8% |
145Pm
| Mass Number | 145 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 84 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.52 ± 0.064
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 17.7 ± 0.4 y
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.23 ± 0.08
|
| Discovery Year | 1951 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
| α (α emission) | 2.8% |
146Pm
| Mass Number | 146 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 85 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.53 ± 0.05 y
|
| Spin | 3 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1960 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| ϵ (electron capture) | 66% |
| β− (β− decay) | 34% |
147Pm
| Mass Number | 147 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 86 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.73714285714286 ± 0.02
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.6234 ± 0.0002 y
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.74 ± 0.2
|
| Discovery Year | 1947 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
148Pm
| Mass Number | 148 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 87 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 2.1 ± 0.2
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.368 ± 0.007 d
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.2 ± 0.2
|
| Discovery Year | 1947 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
149Pm
| Mass Number | 149 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 88 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.94285714285714 ± 0.14285714285714
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 53.08 ± 0.05 h
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1947 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
150Pm
| Mass Number | 150 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 89 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.698 ± 0.015 h
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1952 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
151Pm
| Mass Number | 151 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 90 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.72 ± 0.08
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 28.4 ± 0.04 h
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 2.2 ± 0.9
|
| Discovery Year | 1952 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
152Pm
| Mass Number | 152 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 91 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.12 ± 0.08 m
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1958 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
153Pm
| Mass Number | 153 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 92 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.25 ± 0.02 m
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1962 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
154Pm
| Mass Number | 154 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 93 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.68 ± 0.07 m
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1958 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
155Pm
| Mass Number | 155 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 94 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 41.5 ± 0.2 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1982 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
156Pm
| Mass Number | 156 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 95 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 27.4 ± 0.5 s
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1986 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
157Pm
| Mass Number | 157 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 96 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 10.56 ± 0.1 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1987 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
158Pm
| Mass Number | 158 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 97 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.8 ± 0.5 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1987 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
159Pm
| Mass Number | 159 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 98 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.49 ± 0.13 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1998 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
160Pm
| Mass Number | 160 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 99 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 725 ± 57 ms
|
| Spin | 6 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2012 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
161Pm
| Mass Number | 161 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 100 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.05 ± 0.15 s
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2012 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
162Pm
| Mass Number | 162 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 101 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 630 ± 180 ms
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2012 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
163Pm
| Mass Number | 163 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 102 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 255 ± 25 ms
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2012 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
164Pm
| Mass Number | 164 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 103 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 5 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2018 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
165Pm
| Mass Number | 165 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 104 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2018 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
History
The existence of an element between neodymium and samarium was first predicted by Czech chemist Bohuslav Brauner in 1902. Promethium was first produced and characterized at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1945 by Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell. It was produced by the separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel irradiated in a graphite reactor. Named after the Greek Prometheus, who, according to mythology, stole fire from heaven
| Discoverers | J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | United States |
| Discovery Year | 1945 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Named for the Greek god, Prometheus. |
| Pronunciation | pro-MEE-thi-em (English) |
Promethium is harmful due to its radioactivity
Promethium is the only lanthanide that has no stable isotopes
Uses
Promethium is also used in atomic batteries for spacecraft and guided missiles. Promethium is also used to measure the thickness of materials by evaluating the amount of radiation from a promethium source that passes through the sample. It has possible future uses in portable X-ray sources, and as auxiliary heat or power sources for space probes and satellites. It has been used as a source of radioactivity for thickness-measuring gages.
Sources
Does not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | |
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | |
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 1.2042 |
| 2 | p | 4.2562 |
| 2 | s | 16.0296 |
| 3 | d | 13.9018 |
| 3 | p | 19.4461 |
| 3 | s | 19.8154 |
| 4 | d | 33.26 |
| 4 | f | 37.866 |
| 4 | p | 30.3768 |
| 4 | s | 29.3604 |
| 5 | p | 44.586 |
| 5 | s | 42.1645 |
| 6 | s | 51.6046 |
Also Known As
- Pm
- element 61
- 61Pm
Translations
- Frenchprométhium
- Italianpromezio
- Spanishprometio
- GermanPromethium
- Amharicፕሮሜቲየም
- Arabicبروميثيوم
- AzerbaijaniPrometium
- BelarusianПраметый
- Bulgarianпрометий
- Banglaপ্রমিথিয়াম
- Bosnianprometij
- Catalanprometi
- CorsicanPromeziu
- Czechpromethium
- ChuvashПромети
- WelshPromethiwm
- Danishpromethium
- Greekπρομήθειο
- Esperantoprometio
- EstonianPromeetium
- Basqueprometio
- Persianپرومتیم
- Finnishprometium
- FriulianPrometi
- Irishpróiméitiam
- GalicianPromecio
- ManxPromaiçhum
- Hakka Chinesepromethium
- Hebrewפרומתיום
- Hindiप्रोमीथियम
- Fiji HindiPromethium
- CroatianPrometij
- Hungarianprométium
- Armenianպրոմեթիում
- Interlinguapromethium
- Indonesianprometium
- Idoprometio
- Japaneseプロメチウム
- Lojbanfagycevjinme
- JavanesePrometium
- Georgianპრომეთიუმი
- Kannadaಪ್ರೊಮೆಥಿಯಮ್
- Korean프로메튬
- KomiПрометий
- Latinpromethium
- LuxembourgishPromethium
- LigurianPromesio
- LithuanianPrometis
- Latvianprometijs
- Malayalamപ്രൊമിതിയം
- Marathiप्रोमेथियम
- Western MariПрометий
- MalayPrometium
- Burmeseပရိုမီသီယမ်
- Dutchpromethium
- Norwegian Nynorskpromethium
- Polishpromet
- Western Panjabiپرومتھیم
- Portuguesepromécio
- QuechuaPrometyu
- Romanianpromețiu
- Russianпрометий
- YakutПрометиум
- Sicilianprumezziu
- Serbo-CroatianPrometijum
- Slovakprométium
- SlovenianPrometij
- Serbianпрометијум
- Saterland FrisianPromethium
- Swedishprometium
- Tamilபுரோமித்தியம்
- Thaiโพรมีเทียม
- TurkishPrometyum
- Uyghurجۈي
- Ukrainianпрометій
- UrduPromethium
- VepsPrometii
- Vietnamesepromethi
- WarayPrometyo
- KalmykПрометиүм
- YorubaPromethium
- Chinese钷
- Norwegian Bokmålpromethium
- BretonPrometiom
- CebuanoPrometyo
- Macedonianпрометиум
- Central Kurdishپرۆمیتیۆم
- Gujaratiપ્રોમેથિયમ
- TagalogPrometyo
- Odiaପ୍ରୋମେଥିଅମ
- PiedmontesePromessi
- TatarПрометий
- Cantonese鉕
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)Прамэт
- AlbanianPrometiumi
- UzbekPrometiy
- Newariप्रोमेथियम
- AromanianPromețiu
- KyrgyzПрометий
- Sanskritप्रोमेथियम
- Malteseprometju
- LimburgishPromethium
- Scottish GaelicPrometium
- Portuguese (Brazil)promécio
- Nepaliप्रोमेथियम
- Paliप्रोमेथियम
- Teluguప్రోమిథియం
- cdoPromethium
- Min Nan ChinesePromethium
- Bhojpuriप्रोमेथियम
- AsturianPrometiu
- Literary Chinese鉕
- Tajikпрометий
- Lingua Franca Novaprometio
- AfrikaansPrometium
- Mongolianпромети
- kbpPrɔmɛtɩyɔm
- oloPrometii
- Northern FrisianPromeetium
- Volapükprometin
- Chinese (Traditional)鉕
- Chinese (Taiwan)鉕
- OccitanPromèti
- KazakhПрометий
- LombardPromesio
- SardinianPromètiu
- SwahiliPromethi
- Wu Chinese钷
- English (United Kingdom)promethium
- Moroccan Arabicپروميثيوم
- BashkirПрометий
- Egyptian Arabicبروميثيوم
- Pashtoپروميتيوم
- Manipuriꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯃꯦꯊꯤꯌꯝ
- CornishPromethiom
- BalineseProméthium
- IcelandicPrómetín
- Punjabiਪ੍ਰੋਮੀਥੀਅਮ
