Atomic Number | 37 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 85.4678 |
Mass Number | 85 |
Group | 1 |
---|---|
Period | 5 |
Block | s |
Protons | 37 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 48 n0 |
Electrons | 37 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 235 pm
|
Molar Volume | 55.9 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 210 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 216 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 152 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 166 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 303 pm
|
Density | 1.53 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.48592 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 4.177128 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 75.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 2.2 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 80.9 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 |
Valence Electrons | 1 |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 5s1 |
Oxidation States | -1, 1 |
Electronegativity | 0.82
|
Electrophilicity | 0.7363448717297969 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 961.15 K
|
Melting Point | 312.45 K
|
Critical Pressure | 16 MPa
|
Critical Temperature | 2,093.15 K
|
Triple Point | 312.41 K
|
Visual | |
Rubidium is a Silver. Rb has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #702eb0, and MOLCAS GV of #702eb0. The Appearance of Element 37 is grey white. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | grey white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 58.2 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | 31.06 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.363 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 8.3 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000012 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000026 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000000222 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.00000398
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Rubidium is BCC. The lattice constant of Rb is 5.59 Å. The lattice angles of Element 37 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | 5.59 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Rubidium has a Brinell of 0.216 MPa, and Mohs hardness of 0.3 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Rb is 2.5 GPa. The Young Modulus of Element 37 is 2.4 GPa. The Speed of Sound of Rubidium (Rb) is 1300 m/s. | |
Hardness | 0.3 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 2.5 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | 2.4 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 1,300 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Rubidium is IA. The IUPAC Group of Rb is IA. The Glawe Number of Element 37 is 9. The Mendeleev Number of Rubidium (Rb) is 4. The Pettifor Number of Rubidium is 9. The Geochemical Class of Rb is alkali metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 37 is litophile. | |
Category | Alkali metals, Alkali metals |
CAS Group | IA |
IUPAC Group | IA |
Glawe Number | 9 |
Mendeleev Number | 4 |
Pettifor Number | 9 |
Geochemical Class | alkali metal |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
The Dipole Polarizability of Rubidium is 319.8 plus or minus 0.3 a₀. Rb has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 4769 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 4660 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 37 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Rubidium (Rb) is 0.38. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Rubidium is 0.0003. The Quantum Numbers of Rb is 2S1/2. The Space Group of Element 37 is 229 (Im_3m). | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 4,769 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 0.38
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0003
|
Quantum Numbers | 2S1/2 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 32 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 32 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 103 ± 22 ns
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2017 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 64.78 ± 0.03 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | 0.386 ± 0.00066666666666667
|
Half Life | 19 ± 1.2 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.81 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | -0.372552 ± 0.000011
|
Half Life | 36.5 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.41 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 3.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | 0.43622666666667 ± 0.000013333333333333
|
Half Life | 3.78 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.84 ± 0.17
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 17.66 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | 1.34292 ± 0.00048
|
Half Life | 22.9 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.12 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | -0.0833 ± 0.0007
|
Half Life | 33.4 ± 0.7 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.42 ± 0.08
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | 1.3727333333333 ± 0.00093333333333333
|
Half Life | 4.572 ± 0.004 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.48 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | 0.554403 ± 0.000016
|
Half Life | 1.2575 ± 0.0002 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.23 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | 0.56984 ± 0.00032
|
Half Life | 86.2 ± 0.1 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.24 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | -0.6625 ± 0.001
|
Half Life | 32.82 ± 0.07 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.02 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 96.1% |
β− (β− decay) | 3.9% |
Abundance | 72.17 ± 0.02
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | 0.541224 ± 0.000016
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.276 ± 0.001
|
Discovery Year | 1921 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | -0.8487 ± 0.0008
|
Half Life | 18.645 ± 0.008 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.23 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 0.0052% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 27.83 ± 0.02
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 87 |
G-Factor | 1.8341933333333 ± 0.000053333333333333
|
Half Life | 49.7 ± 0.3 Gy
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.1335 ± 0.0005
|
Discovery Year | 1921 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 88 |
G-Factor | 0.253755 ± 0.00001
|
Half Life | 17.78 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.01 ± 0.11
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 89 |
G-Factor | 1.5887333333333 ± 0.00046666666666667
|
Half Life | 15.32 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.17 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 90 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 158 ± 5 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 91 |
G-Factor | 1.4540666666667 ± 0.001
|
Half Life | 58.2 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.19 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 92 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.48 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.0107% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 93 |
G-Factor | 0.56368 ± 0.00064
|
Half Life | 5.84 ± 0.02 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.21 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.39% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 94 |
G-Factor | 0.49936666666667 ± 0.0006
|
Half Life | 2.702 ± 0.005 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.2 ± 0.07
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 10.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 95 |
G-Factor | 0.5332 ± 0.0012
|
Half Life | 377.7 ± 0.8 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.26 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 8.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 96 |
G-Factor | 0.73275 ± 0.00085
|
Half Life | 201.5 ± 0.9 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.3 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 13.7% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 97 |
G-Factor | 1.2266666666667 ± 0.0013333333333333
|
Half Life | 169.1 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.7
|
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 25.5% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 98 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 115 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 14.3% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 0.054% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 99 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 54 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 17.3% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 100 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 51.3 ± 1.6 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 5.6% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 0.15% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 101 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 31.8 ± 3.3 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 28% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 102 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 37 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 65% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 103 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 26 ± 11 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 104 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered rubidium in 1861 by the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy. The separation of the metal was tried by Bunsen, but he never got samples with more than 18% of Rubidium. The separation of the metal was only accomplished by George de Hevesy, through the hydrolysis of melted rubidium hydroxide. From the Latin word rubidus, deepest red
Discoverers | R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Germany |
Discovery Year | 1861 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: rubidus (deep red); the color its salts impart to flames. |
Pronunciation | roo-BID-i-em (English) |
Occurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from lithium production.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 90 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.12 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.00046 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0.00032 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.000003 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.000001 %
|
1 | s | 0.7922 |
2 | p | 3.9612 |
2 | s | 9.8432 |
3 | d | 15.3208 |
3 | p | 15.6967 |
3 | s | 15.1573 |
4 | p | 26.1192 |
4 | s | 24.612 |
5 | s | 32.0155 |