Atomic Number | 37 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 85.4678 |
Mass Number | 85 |
Group | 1 |
---|---|
Period | 5 |
Block | s |
Protons | 37 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 48 n0 |
Electrons | 37 e- |
Atomic Radius | |
---|---|
Molar Volume | |
Covalent Radius | |
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | |
Crystal Radius | |
Van der Waals Radius | |
Density |
Energy | |
---|---|
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | |
Heat of Vaporization | |
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | |
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 |
Valence Electrons | 1 ⓘ |
Electron Configuration | [Kr] 5s1ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 |
Oxidation States | -1, 1 |
Electronegativity | 0.82
|
Electrophilicity Index | |
States of Matter | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | |
Melting Point | |
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Rubidium is a Silver. Rb has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #702eb0, and MOLCAS GV of #702eb0. The Appearance of Element 37 is grey white. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | grey white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | |
Specific Heat Capacity | |
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | |
Electrical Resistivity | |
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000026 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000000222 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.00000398
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Rubidium is BCC. The lattice constant of Rb is 5.59 Å. The lattice angles of Element 37 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | |
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Rubidium has a Brinell of 0.216 MPa, and Mohs hardness of 0.3 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Rb is 2.5 GPa. The Young Modulus of Element 37 is 2.4 GPa. The Speed of Sound of Rubidium (Rb) is 1300 m/s. | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young's Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Rubidium is IA. The IUPAC Group of Rb is IA. The Glawe Number of Element 37 is 9. The Mendeleev Number of Rubidium (Rb) is 4. The Pettifor Number of Rubidium is 9. The Geochemical Class of Rb is alkali metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 37 is litophile. | |
Category | Alkali metals, Alkali metals |
CAS Group | IA |
IUPAC Group | IA |
Glawe Number | 9 |
Mendeleev Number | 4 |
Pettifor Number | 9 |
Geochemical Class | alkali metal |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
The Dipole Polarizability of Rubidium is 319.8 plus or minus 0.3 a₀. Rb has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 4769 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 4660 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 37 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Rubidium (Rb) is 0.38. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Rubidium is 0.0003. The Quantum Numbers of Rb is 2S1/2. The Space Group of Element 37 is 229 (Im_3m).
Gas Basicity | |
---|---|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 0.38
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0003
|
Quantum Numbers | 2S1/2 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 1 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 33 |
Natural Isotopes | 2 |
Mass Number | 71 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 34 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 72 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 35 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 103 ± 22 ns
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2017 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 73 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 36 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1996 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Mass Number | 74 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 37 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 64.78 ± 0.03 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 75 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 38 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.386 ± 0.00066666666666667
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 19 ± 1.2 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.81 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 76 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 39 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.372552 ± 0.000011
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 36.5 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.41 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 3.8% |
Mass Number | 77 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 40 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.43622666666667 ± 0.000013333333333333
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 3.78 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.84 ± 0.17
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 78 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 41 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 17.66 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 79 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 42 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.34292 ± 0.00048
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 22.9 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.12 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 80 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 43 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.0833 ± 0.0007
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 33.4 ± 0.7 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.42 ± 0.08
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 81 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 44 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.3727333333333 ± 0.00093333333333333
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 4.572 ± 0.004 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.48 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 82 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 45 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.554403 ± 0.000016
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 1.2575 ± 0.0002 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.23 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 83 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 46 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.56984 ± 0.00032
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 86.2 ± 0.1 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.24 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Mass Number | 84 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 47 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.6625 ± 0.001
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 32.82 ± 0.07 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.02 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 96.1% |
β− (β− decay) | 3.9% |
Mass Number | 85 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 48 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.541224 ± 0.000016
|
Abundance | 72.17 ± 0.02
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.276 ± 0.001
|
Discovery Year | 1921 |
Parity | - |
Mass Number | 86 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 49 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.8487 ± 0.0008
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 18.645 ± 0.008 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.23 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 0.0052% |
Mass Number | 87 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 50 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.8341933333333 ± 0.000053333333333333
|
Abundance | 27.83 ± 0.02
|
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 49.7 ± 0.3 Gy
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.1335 ± 0.0005
|
Discovery Year | 1921 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 88 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 51 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.253755 ± 0.00001
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 17.78 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.01 ± 0.11
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 89 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 52 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.5887333333333 ± 0.00046666666666667
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 15.32 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.17 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 90 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 53 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 158 ± 5 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 91 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 54 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.4540666666667 ± 0.001
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 58.2 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.19 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 92 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 55 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 4.48 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.0107% |
Mass Number | 93 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 56 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.56368 ± 0.00064
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 5.84 ± 0.02 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.21 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.39% |
Mass Number | 94 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 57 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.49936666666667 ± 0.0006
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.702 ± 0.005 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.2 ± 0.07
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 10.3% |
Mass Number | 95 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 58 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.5332 ± 0.0012
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 377.7 ± 0.8 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.26 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 8.7% |
Mass Number | 96 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 59 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.73275 ± 0.00085
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 201.5 ± 0.9 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.3 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 13.7% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 97 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 60 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.2266666666667 ± 0.0013333333333333
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 169.1 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.7
|
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 25.5% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 98 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 61 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 115 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 14.3% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 0.054% |
Mass Number | 99 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 62 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 54 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 17.3% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 100 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 63 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 51.3 ± 1.6 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 5.6% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 0.15% |
Mass Number | 101 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 64 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 31.8 ± 3.3 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 28% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 102 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 65 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 37 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 65% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 103 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 66 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 26 ± 11 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 104 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 67 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered rubidium in 1861 by the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy. The separation of the metal was tried by Bunsen, but he never got samples with more than 18% of Rubidium. The separation of the metal was only accomplished by George de Hevesy, through the hydrolysis of melted rubidium hydroxide. From the Latin word rubidus, deepest red
Discoverers | R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Germany |
Discovery Year | 1861 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: rubidus (deep red); the color its salts impart to flames. |
Pronunciation | roo-BID-i-em (English) |
Occurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from lithium production.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | |
Natural Abundance (Oceans) | |
Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0.00046 %
|
Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.00032 %
|
Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.000003 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.000001 %
|
1 | s | 0.7922 |
2 | p | 3.9612 |
2 | s | 9.8432 |
3 | d | 15.3208 |
3 | p | 15.6967 |
3 | s | 15.1573 |
4 | p | 26.1192 |
4 | s | 24.612 |
5 | s | 32.0155 |