Atomic Number | 34 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 78.971 |
Mass Number | 80 |
Group | 16 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | p |
Protons | 34 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 46 n0 |
Electrons | 34 e- |
Atomic Radius | 115 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 16.5 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 116 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 117 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 198 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 184 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 190 pm
|
Density | 4.809 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
---|---|
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 2.02067 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 9.752392 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 59.7 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 5.23 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 227.2 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 6 |
Valence Electrons | 6 ⓘ |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4 |
Oxidation States | -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
Electronegativity | 2.55
|
Electrophilicity Index | 2.2408492709619536 eV/particle
|
States of Matter | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 958.15 K
|
Melting Point | 453.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | 1,766.15 K
|
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Selenium is a Gray. Se has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #ffa100, and MOLCAS GV of #ffa100. The Appearance of Element 34 is black, red, and gray (not pictured) allotropes. The Refractive Index of Selenium (Se) is 1.000895. | |
Color | Gray
|
Appearance | black, red, and gray (not pictured) allotropes |
Refractive Index | 1.000895
|
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 0.52 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.363 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.321 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | |
Electrical Conductivity | |
Electrical Resistivity | |
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.000000004 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000316 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000193
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Selenium is HEX. The lattice constant of Se is 4.36 Å. The lattice angles of Element 34 are π/2, 1.58493, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Monoclinic (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 4.36 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, 1.58493, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Selenium has a Brinell of 736 MPa, and Mohs hardness of 2 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Se is 8.3 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 34 is 3.7 GPa. The Young Modulus of Selenium (Se) is 10 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Selenium is 0.33. The Speed of Sound of Se is 3350 m/s. | |
Hardness | 2 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 8.3 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 3.7 GPa
|
Young's Modulus | 10 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.33
|
Speed of Sound | 3,350 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Selenium is VIB. The IUPAC Group of Se is VIA. The Glawe Number of Element 34 is 95. The Mendeleev Number of Selenium (Se) is 101. The Pettifor Number of Selenium is 93. The Geochemical Class of Se is semi-volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 34 is chalcophile. | |
Category | Other nonmetals, Nonmetals |
CAS Group | VIB |
IUPAC Group | VIA |
Glawe Number | 95 |
Mendeleev Number | 101 |
Pettifor Number | 93 |
Geochemical Class | semi-volatile |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
The Dipole Polarizability of Selenium is 28.9 plus or minus 1 a₀. Se has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 210 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 233 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 34 are Amorphous Red Selenium, Amorphous Black Selenium, Monoclinic Selenium, Hexagonal Selenium. The Neutron Cross Section of Selenium (Se) is 11.7. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Selenium is 0.0056. The Quantum Numbers of Se is 3P2. The Space Group of Element 34 is 14 (P121/c1).
Stable Isotopes | 3 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 30 |
Natural Isotopes | 6 |
Mass Number | 63 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 29 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 13.2 ± 3.9 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2016 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 89% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 0.5% |
Mass Number | 64 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 30 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 22.6 ± 0.2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2005 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 65 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 31 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 34.2 ± 0.7 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1993 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 87% |
Mass Number | 66 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 32 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 54 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1993 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 67 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 33 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 133 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.5% |
Mass Number | 68 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 34 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 35.5 ± 0.7 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 69 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 35 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 27.4 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.052% |
Mass Number | 70 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 36 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 41.1 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 71 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 37 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 4.74 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 72 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 38 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 8.4 ± 0.08 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Mass Number | 73 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 39 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.19822222222222 ± 0.0028888888888889
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 7.15 ± 0.09 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 74 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 40 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 0.86 ± 0.03
|
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β+ (double β+ decay) |
Mass Number | 75 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 41 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.2732 ± 0.004
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 119.78 ± 0.03 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.1 ± 0.2
|
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Mass Number | 76 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 42 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 9.23 ± 0.07
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Mass Number | 77 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 43 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.06712 ± 0.0001
|
Abundance | 7.6 ± 0.07
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | - |
Mass Number | 78 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 44 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 23.69 ± 0.22
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Mass Number | 79 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 45 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.29085714285714 ± 0.0042857142857143
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 327 ± 28 ky
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.8 ± 0.2
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 80 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 46 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 49.8 ± 0.36
|
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) |
Mass Number | 81 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 47 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 18.45 ± 0.12 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 82 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 48 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | 8.82 ± 0.15
|
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 87.6 ± 1.5 Ey
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 83 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 49 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 22.25 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 84 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 50 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 3.26 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 85 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 51 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 32.9 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 86 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 52 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 14.3 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 87 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 53 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 5.5 ± 0.06 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.6% |
Mass Number | 88 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 54 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 1.53 ± 0.06 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.99% |
Mass Number | 89 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 55 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 430 ± 50 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 7.8% |
Mass Number | 90 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 56 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 210 ± 80 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 91 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 57 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 270 ± 50 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 21% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 92 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 58 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 93 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 59 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 94 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 60 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 95 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 61 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Selenium was first observed in about the year 1300 by the alchemist Arnold of Villanova. Selenium was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Johan Gottlieb Gahn who noted the similarity of the new element to the previously-known tellurium. In 1873, Willoughby Smith found that the electrical resistance of grey selenium was dependent on the ambient light. From the Greek word Selene, moon
Discoverers | Jöns Berzelius |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1818 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: selênê (moon). |
Pronunciation | si-LEE-ni-em (English) |
Obtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 0.05 mg/kg
|
Natural Abundance (Oceans) | 0.0002 mg/L
|
Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0.000005 %
|
Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.0013 %
|
Natural Abundance (Sun) | |
Abundance in Universe | 0.000003 %
|
1 | s | 0.7378 |
2 | p | 3.9348 |
2 | s | 9.1116 |
3 | d | 15.523 |
3 | p | 15.295 |
3 | s | 14.5966 |
4 | p | 25.7128 |
4 | s | 24.2424 |