Torium (Th)

chemiese verbinding

Atomic Number	90
Atomic Weight	232.0377
Massagetal	232

Group
Period	7
Block	f

proton	90 p⁺
neutron	142 n⁰
elektron	90 e^-

Physical Property

Atoomradius	180 pm 288 pm
molar volume	19,8 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	175 pm 143 pm 136 pm 206 pm
Metallic Radius
Ioonradius	94 pm 105 pm 109 pm 113 pm 118 pm 121 pm 120,9 pm
Crystal Radius	108 pm 119 pm 123 pm 127 pm 132 pm 135 pm 134,9 pm
Van der Waals radius	240 pm 245 pm 274 pm 339,6 pm
density	11,7 g/cm³

Chemical Property

energie

proton affinity
electron affinity
ionization energy	6,3067 eV/particle 11,9 eV/particle 18,32 eV/particle 28,648 eV/particle 58 eV/particle 69,1 eV/particle 82 eV/particle 95 eV/particle 118 eV/particle 133 eV/particle 165 eV/particle 181 eV/particle 262 eV/particle 285 eV/particle 310 eV/particle 336 eV/particle 362 eV/particle 389 eV/particle 424 eV/particle 451 eV/particle 480 eV/particle 508 eV/particle 650 eV/particle 680 eV/particle 720 eV/particle 750 eV/particle 830 eV/particle 900 eV/particle 970 eV/particle 1 010 eV/particle 1 090 eV/particle 1 160 eV/particle 1 240 eV/particle 1 310 eV/particle 1 380 eV/particle 1 460 eV/particle 1 530 eV/particle 1 600 eV/particle 1 680 eV/particle 1 760 eV/particle 1 830 eV/particle 1 910 eV/particle 2 000 eV/particle 2 060 eV/particle 2 390 eV/particle 2 455 eV/particle 2 524 eV/particle 2 598 eV/particle 2 669 eV/particle 2 737 eV/particle 2 860 eV/particle 2 935 eV/particle 3 013 eV/particle 3 086 eV/particle 3 375 eV/particle 3 445 eV/particle 3 522 eV/particle 3 593 eV/particle 3 943 eV/particle 4 025 eV/particle 4 230 eV/particle 4 313 eV/particle 6 972 eV/particle 7 130 eV/particle 7 299 eV/particle 7 480 eV/particle 7 650 eV/particle 7 820 eV/particle 8 180 eV/particle 8 350 eV/particle 8 550 eV/particle 8 720 eV/particle 9 220 eV/particle 9 370 eV/particle 9 540 eV/particle 9 690 eV/particle 10 790 eV/particle 10 970 eV/particle 11 340 eV/particle 11 510 eV/particle 24 060 eV/particle 24 480 eV/particle 24 940 eV/particle 25 360 eV/particle 29 410 eV/particle 29 970 eV/particle 30 680 eV/particle 31 122,8 eV/particle 123 086,4 eV/particle 125 253,4 eV/particle

Verdampingswarmte	513,7 kJ/mol
smeltingswarmte	16,11 kJ/mol
Vormingsentalpie	602 kJ/mol
elektron

Elektronskil	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2

Valenselektrone	2 ⓘ

elektronkonfigurasie	[Rn] 6d² 7s²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p⁶ 6d² 7s²

Oksidasietoestand	-1, 1, 2, 3, 4
Elektronegatiwiteit	0.10277 1.3
Electrophilicity Index
fundamental state of matter

phase of matter	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	5 058,15 K
Melting Point	2 023,15 K
critical pressure
critical temperature
triple point
appearance
kleur	Silver #ff1493 #00baff #00baff
appearance	silvery, often with black tarnish
Brekingsindeks
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity
thermal expansion	0,000011 1/K
molar heat capacity	27,32 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0,118 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Conductor
Geleidingsvermoë	6,7 MS/m
Elektriese resistiwiteit	0,00000015 Ω*m
superconductivity	1,38 K
Magnetisme
type	paramagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	0,0000000072 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	0,0000000017 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	0,000084
magnetic ordering
Curie temperature
Néel temperature
structure
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
lattice constant	5,08 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hardness	400 MPa 3 MPa 350 MPa
Massamodulus	54 GPa
Skuifmodulus	31 GPa
Young se modulus	79 GPa
Poisson se verhouding	0,27
Spoed van klank	2 490 m/s
classification
Category	Actinides, Actinides
CAS Group
IUPAC Group
Glawe Number	34
Mendeleev Number	16
Pettifor Number	47
Geochemical Class	rare earth & related
Goldschmidt classification	litophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	217 ± 54 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
allotrope
Neutron cross section	7,4
Neutron Mass Absorption	0,001
quantum number	3F2
Ruimtegroep	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Thorium

Stable Isotopes	0
Unstable Isotopes	32
Natural Isotopes	2

²⁰⁸Th

Massagetal	208
neutron number	118
Relative Atomic Mass	208,017915348 ± 0,000034208 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	2,4 ± 1,2 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	2010
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²⁰⁹Th

Massagetal	209
neutron number	119
Relative Atomic Mass	209,017601 ± 0,000111 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁰Th

Massagetal	210
neutron number	120
Relative Atomic Mass	210,015093515 ± 0,000020299 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	16 ± 3,6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1995
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹¹Th

Massagetal	211
neutron number	121
Relative Atomic Mass	211,014896923 ± 0,000092399 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	48 ± 20 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1995
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹²Th

Massagetal	212
neutron number	122
Relative Atomic Mass	212,01300157 ± 0,000010852 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	31,7 ± 1,3 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1980
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹³Th

Massagetal	213
neutron number	123
Relative Atomic Mass	213,01301147 ± 0,000009895 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	144 ± 21 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1968
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁴Th

Massagetal	214
neutron number	124
Relative Atomic Mass	214,01148148 ± 0,000011445 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	87 ± 10 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1968
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁵Th

Massagetal	215
neutron number	125
Relative Atomic Mass	215,01172464 ± 0,0000068 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	1,35 ± 0,14 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1968
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁶Th

Massagetal	216
neutron number	126
Relative Atomic Mass	216,011055933 ± 0,00001192 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	26,28 ± 0,16 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1968
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁷Th

Massagetal	217
neutron number	127
Relative Atomic Mass	217,013103443 ± 0,000011394 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	248 ± 4 us
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1968
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁸Th

Massagetal	218
neutron number	128
Relative Atomic Mass	218,013276248 ± 0,000011289 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	122 ± 5 ns
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1973
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁹Th

Massagetal	219
neutron number	129
Relative Atomic Mass	219,015526432 ± 0,000060611 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	1,023 ± 0,018 us
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1973
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²²⁰Th

Massagetal	220
neutron number	130
Relative Atomic Mass	220,015769866 ± 0,000014693 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	10,2 ± 0,3 us
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1973
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²¹Th

Massagetal	221
neutron number	131
Relative Atomic Mass	221,018185757 ± 0,000008582 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	1,75 ± 0,02 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1970
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²²²Th

Massagetal	222
neutron number	132
Relative Atomic Mass	222,01846822 ± 0,000010966 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	2,24 ± 0,03 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1970
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²³Th

Massagetal	223
neutron number	133
Relative Atomic Mass	223,020811083 ± 0,000008527 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	600 ± 20 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1952
parity

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²²⁴Th

Massagetal	224
neutron number	134
Relative Atomic Mass	224,021466137 ± 0,00001031 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	1,04 ± 0,02 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1949
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

²²⁵Th

Massagetal	225
neutron number	135
Relative Atomic Mass	225,023950975 ± 0,000005467 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	8,75 ± 0,04 m
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1949
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	90%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²⁶Th

Massagetal	226
neutron number	136
Relative Atomic Mass	226,024903699 ± 0,00000481 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	30,7 ± 0,03 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1948
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
18O	3.2%

²²⁷Th

Massagetal	227
neutron number	137
Relative Atomic Mass	227,027702546 ± 0,000002241 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	18,693 ± 0,004 d
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1906
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²²⁸Th

Massagetal	228
neutron number	138
Relative Atomic Mass	228,028739741 ± 0,000001938 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	1,9125 ± 0,0007 y
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1905
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
20O	1.13%

²²⁹Th

Massagetal	229
neutron number	139
Relative Atomic Mass	229,031761357 ± 0,000002581 Da
g-factor	0,184 ± 0,016
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	7,916 ± 0,017 ky
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	3,11 ± 0,06
ontdekkingsdatum	1947
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²³⁰Th

Massagetal	230
neutron number	140
Relative Atomic Mass	230,033132267 ± 0,000001297 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	0,02 ± 0,02
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	75,4 ± 0,3 ky
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1907
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
SF (spontaneous fission)	4%
24Ne (heavy cluster emission)	5.8%

²³¹Th

Massagetal	231
neutron number	141
Relative Atomic Mass	231,036302764 ± 0,000001306 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	25,52 ± 0,01 h
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1911
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³²Th

Massagetal	232
neutron number	142
Relative Atomic Mass	232,038053606 ± 0,000001525 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	99,98 ± 0,02
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	14 ± 0,1 Gy
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1898
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
SF (spontaneous fission)	1.1%
26Ne	2.78%
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)

²³³Th

Massagetal	233
neutron number	143
Relative Atomic Mass	233,041580126 ± 0,000001528 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	21,83 ± 0,04 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1935
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁴Th

Massagetal	234
neutron number	144
Relative Atomic Mass	234,043599801 ± 0,000002779 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	24,107 ± 0,024 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1900
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
α (α emission)

²³⁵Th

Massagetal	235
neutron number	145
Relative Atomic Mass	235,047255 ± 0,000014 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	7,2 ± 0,1 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1969
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁶Th

Massagetal	236
neutron number	146
Relative Atomic Mass	236,049657 ± 0,000015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	37,3 ± 1,5 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1973
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁷Th

Massagetal	237
neutron number	147
Relative Atomic Mass	237,053629 ± 0,000017 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	4,8 ± 0,5 m
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1993
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁸Th

Massagetal	238
neutron number	148
Relative Atomic Mass	238,056388 ± 0,000304 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	9,4 ± 2 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1999
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁹Th

Massagetal	239
neutron number	149
Relative Atomic Mass	239,060655 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)

geskiedenis

Ontdek deur	Jöns Berzelius
ligging van ontdekking	Sweden
ontdekkingsdatum	1828
etimologie	Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder.
uitspraak	THOR-i-em (Engels)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	9,6 mg/kg
natural abundance (oseaan)	0,000001 mg/L
natural abundance (human body)	0 %
natural abundance (Meteoroïde)	0,0000039 %
natural abundance (Son)	0,00000003 %
Abundance in Universe	0,00000004 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

Torium on ChemicalAid

Torium (Th)

Physical Property

Chemical Property

other

Isotopes of Thorium

208Th

209Th

210Th

211Th

212Th

213Th

214Th

215Th

216Th

217Th

218Th

219Th

220Th

221Th

222Th

223Th

224Th

225Th

226Th

227Th

228Th

229Th

230Th

231Th

232Th

233Th

234Th

235Th

236Th

237Th

238Th

239Th

geskiedenis

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

²⁰⁸Th

²⁰⁹Th

²¹⁰Th

²¹¹Th

²¹²Th

²¹³Th

²¹⁴Th

²¹⁵Th

²¹⁶Th

²¹⁷Th

²¹⁸Th

²¹⁹Th

²²⁰Th

²²¹Th

²²²Th

²²³Th

²²⁴Th

²²⁵Th

²²⁶Th

²²⁷Th

²²⁸Th

²²⁹Th

²³⁰Th

²³¹Th

²³²Th

²³³Th

²³⁴Th

²³⁵Th

²³⁶Th

²³⁷Th

²³⁸Th

²³⁹Th