Thorium (Th)

grundstof med atomnummer 90

Atomnummer	90
Atommasse	232.0377
mass number	232

Gruppe
Periode	7
Blok	f

proton	90 p⁺
neutron	142 n⁰
elektron	90 e^-

Animated Bohrs atommodel of Th (Thorium)

Fysisk Egenskab

Atomradius	180 pm 288 pm
molar volume	19,8 cm³/mol
Kovalent Radius	175 pm 143 pm 136 pm 206 pm
Metallic Radius
Ionisk radius	94 pm 105 pm 109 pm 113 pm 118 pm 121 pm 120,9 pm
Crystal Radius	108 pm 119 pm 123 pm 127 pm 132 pm 135 pm 134,9 pm
Van der Waals-radius	240 pm 245 pm 274 pm 339,6 pm
massefylde	11,7 g/cm³

Kemisk Egenskab

energi

proton affinity
electron affinity
ioniseringsenergi	6,3067 eV/particle 11,9 eV/particle 18,32 eV/particle 28,648 eV/particle 58 eV/particle 69,1 eV/particle 82 eV/particle 95 eV/particle 118 eV/particle 133 eV/particle 165 eV/particle 181 eV/particle 262 eV/particle 285 eV/particle 310 eV/particle 336 eV/particle 362 eV/particle 389 eV/particle 424 eV/particle 451 eV/particle 480 eV/particle 508 eV/particle 650 eV/particle 680 eV/particle 720 eV/particle 750 eV/particle 830 eV/particle 900 eV/particle 970 eV/particle 1.010 eV/particle 1.090 eV/particle 1.160 eV/particle 1.240 eV/particle 1.310 eV/particle 1.380 eV/particle 1.460 eV/particle 1.530 eV/particle 1.600 eV/particle 1.680 eV/particle 1.760 eV/particle 1.830 eV/particle 1.910 eV/particle 2.000 eV/particle 2.060 eV/particle 2.390 eV/particle 2.455 eV/particle 2.524 eV/particle 2.598 eV/particle 2.669 eV/particle 2.737 eV/particle 2.860 eV/particle 2.935 eV/particle 3.013 eV/particle 3.086 eV/particle 3.375 eV/particle 3.445 eV/particle 3.522 eV/particle 3.593 eV/particle 3.943 eV/particle 4.025 eV/particle 4.230 eV/particle 4.313 eV/particle 6.972 eV/particle 7.130 eV/particle 7.299 eV/particle 7.480 eV/particle 7.650 eV/particle 7.820 eV/particle 8.180 eV/particle 8.350 eV/particle 8.550 eV/particle 8.720 eV/particle 9.220 eV/particle 9.370 eV/particle 9.540 eV/particle 9.690 eV/particle 10.790 eV/particle 10.970 eV/particle 11.340 eV/particle 11.510 eV/particle 24.060 eV/particle 24.480 eV/particle 24.940 eV/particle 25.360 eV/particle 29.410 eV/particle 29.970 eV/particle 30.680 eV/particle 31.122,8 eV/particle 123.086,4 eV/particle 125.253,4 eV/particle

Fordampningsvarme	513,7 kJ/mol
smeltevarme	16,11 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	602 kJ/mol
elektron

Elektronskal	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2

Valenselektron	2 ⓘ

electron configuration	[Rn] 6d² 7s²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p⁶ 6d² 7s²

Oxidationstrin	-1, 1, 2, 3, 4
Elektronegativitet	0.10277 1.3
Electrophilicity Index
fundamental state of matter

stoffase	Fast stof
gaseous state of matter
Kogepunkt	5.058,15 K
Smeltepunkt	2.023,15 K
critical pressure
critical temperature
trippelpunkt
appearance
farve	Silver #ff1493 #00baff #00baff
appearance	silvery, often with black tarnish
Brydningsindeks
materialeegenskab
Varmeledningsevne
Termisk ekspansion	0,000011 1/K
molar heat capacity	27,32 J/(mol K)
Varmefylde	0,118 J/(g⋅K)
Adiabateksponenten
electrical properties
type	Conductor
specifik ledningsevne	6,7 MS/m
Elektrisk resistivitet	0,00000015 Ω*m
superledning	1,38 K
Magnetisme
type	paramagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	0,0000000072 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	0,0000000017 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	0,000084
magnetic ordering
Curietemperaturen
Néel temperature
struktur
Krystalstruktur	Fladecentreret Kubisk (FCC)
lattice constant	5,08 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hårdhed	400 MPa 3 MPa 350 MPa
Kompressibilitetsmodul	54 GPa
Forskydningsmodul	31 GPa
E-modul	79 GPa
Poissons forhold	0,27
speed of sound	2.490 m/s
klassificering
Kategori	Actinider, Actinides
CAS Group
IUPAC Group
Glawe Number	34
Mendeleev Number	16
Pettifor Number	47
Geochemical Class	rare earth & related
Goldschmidt classification	litophile

øvrige

Gas Basicity
polarizability	217 ± 54 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
allotrope
Neutron cross section	7,4
Neutron Mass Absorption	0,001
quantum number	3F2
rumgruppe	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Thorium

Stable Isotopes	0
Unstable Isotopes	32
Natural Isotopes	2

²⁰⁸Th

mass number	208
neutron number	118
Relative Atomic Mass	208,017915348 ± 0,000034208 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	2,4 ± 1,2 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	2010
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%

²⁰⁹Th

mass number	209
neutron number	119
Relative Atomic Mass	209,017601 ± 0,000111 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁰Th

mass number	210
neutron number	120
Relative Atomic Mass	210,015093515 ± 0,000020299 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	16 ± 3,6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1995
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹¹Th

mass number	211
neutron number	121
Relative Atomic Mass	211,014896923 ± 0,000092399 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	48 ± 20 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1995
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹²Th

mass number	212
neutron number	122
Relative Atomic Mass	212,01300157 ± 0,000010852 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	31,7 ± 1,3 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1980
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹³Th

mass number	213
neutron number	123
Relative Atomic Mass	213,01301147 ± 0,000009895 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	144 ± 21 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1968
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁴Th

mass number	214
neutron number	124
Relative Atomic Mass	214,01148148 ± 0,000011445 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	87 ± 10 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1968
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁵Th

mass number	215
neutron number	125
Relative Atomic Mass	215,01172464 ± 0,0000068 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	1,35 ± 0,14 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1968
Paritet	-

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁶Th

mass number	216
neutron number	126
Relative Atomic Mass	216,011055933 ± 0,00001192 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	26,28 ± 0,16 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1968
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁷Th

mass number	217
neutron number	127
Relative Atomic Mass	217,013103443 ± 0,000011394 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	248 ± 4 us
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1968
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁸Th

mass number	218
neutron number	128
Relative Atomic Mass	218,013276248 ± 0,000011289 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	122 ± 5 ns
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1973
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁹Th

mass number	219
neutron number	129
Relative Atomic Mass	219,015526432 ± 0,000060611 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	1,023 ± 0,018 us
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1973
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²²⁰Th

mass number	220
neutron number	130
Relative Atomic Mass	220,015769866 ± 0,000014693 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	10,2 ± 0,3 us
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1973
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²¹Th

mass number	221
neutron number	131
Relative Atomic Mass	221,018185757 ± 0,000008582 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	1,75 ± 0,02 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1970
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%

²²²Th

mass number	222
neutron number	132
Relative Atomic Mass	222,01846822 ± 0,000010966 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	2,24 ± 0,03 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1970
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²³Th

mass number	223
neutron number	133
Relative Atomic Mass	223,020811083 ± 0,000008527 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	600 ± 20 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1952
Paritet

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%

²²⁴Th

mass number	224
neutron number	134
Relative Atomic Mass	224,021466137 ± 0,00001031 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	1,04 ± 0,02 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1949
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

²²⁵Th

mass number	225
neutron number	135
Relative Atomic Mass	225,023950975 ± 0,000005467 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	8,75 ± 0,04 m
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1949
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	90%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²⁶Th

mass number	226
neutron number	136
Relative Atomic Mass	226,024903699 ± 0,00000481 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	30,7 ± 0,03 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1948
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
18O	3.2%

²²⁷Th

mass number	227
neutron number	137
Relative Atomic Mass	227,027702546 ± 0,000002241 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	18,693 ± 0,004 d
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1906
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%

²²⁸Th

mass number	228
neutron number	138
Relative Atomic Mass	228,028739741 ± 0,000001938 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	1,9125 ± 0,0007 y
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1905
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
20O	1.13%

²²⁹Th

mass number	229
neutron number	139
Relative Atomic Mass	229,031761357 ± 0,000002581 Da
g-factor	0,184 ± 0,016
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	7,916 ± 0,017 ky
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	3,11 ± 0,06
opdagelsesdato	1947
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%

²³⁰Th

mass number	230
neutron number	140
Relative Atomic Mass	230,033132267 ± 0,000001297 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	0,02 ± 0,02
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	75,4 ± 0,3 ky
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1907
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
SF (spontaneous fission)	4%
24Ne (heavy cluster emission)	5.8%

²³¹Th

mass number	231
neutron number	141
Relative Atomic Mass	231,036302764 ± 0,000001306 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	25,52 ± 0,01 h
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1911
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³²Th

mass number	232
neutron number	142
Relative Atomic Mass	232,038053606 ± 0,000001525 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	99,98 ± 0,02
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	14 ± 0,1 Gy
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1898
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
α (α emission)	100%
SF (spontaneous fission)	1.1%
26Ne	2.78%
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)

²³³Th

mass number	233
neutron number	143
Relative Atomic Mass	233,041580126 ± 0,000001528 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	21,83 ± 0,04 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1935
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁴Th

mass number	234
neutron number	144
Relative Atomic Mass	234,043599801 ± 0,000002779 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	24,107 ± 0,024 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1900
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
α (α emission)

²³⁵Th

mass number	235
neutron number	145
Relative Atomic Mass	235,047255 ± 0,000014 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	7,2 ± 0,1 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1969
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁶Th

mass number	236
neutron number	146
Relative Atomic Mass	236,049657 ± 0,000015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	37,3 ± 1,5 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1973
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁷Th

mass number	237
neutron number	147
Relative Atomic Mass	237,053629 ± 0,000017 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	4,8 ± 0,5 m
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato	1993
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁸Th

mass number	238
neutron number	148
Relative Atomic Mass	238,056388 ± 0,000304 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid	9,4 ± 2 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
opdagelsesdato	1999
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁹Th

mass number	239
neutron number	149
Relative Atomic Mass	239,060655 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivitet	☢️ radioactive element
halveringstid
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
opdagelsesdato
Paritet	+

decay mode	Intensitet
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)

historie

opdager eller opfinder	Jöns Berzelius
fundsted	Sweden
opdagelsesdato	1828
etymologi	Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder.
udtale	THOR-i-em (engelsk)

source

Forekomst
Abundance in Earth's crust	9,6 mg/kg
natural abundance (verdenshave)	0,000001 mg/L
natural abundance (menneskelige krop)	0 %
natural abundance (Meteoroid)	0,0000039 %
natural abundance (Solen)	0,00000003 %
Abundance in Universe	0,00000004 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

Thorium on ChemicalAid

Thorium (Th)

Fysisk Egenskab

Kemisk Egenskab

øvrige

Isotopes of Thorium

208Th

209Th

210Th

211Th

212Th

213Th

214Th

215Th

216Th

217Th

218Th

219Th

220Th

221Th

222Th

223Th

224Th

225Th

226Th

227Th

228Th

229Th

230Th

231Th

232Th

233Th

234Th

235Th

236Th

237Th

238Th

239Th

historie

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

²⁰⁸Th

²⁰⁹Th

²¹⁰Th

²¹¹Th

²¹²Th

²¹³Th

²¹⁴Th

²¹⁵Th

²¹⁶Th

²¹⁷Th

²¹⁸Th

²¹⁹Th

²²⁰Th

²²¹Th

²²²Th

²²³Th

²²⁴Th

²²⁵Th

²²⁶Th

²²⁷Th

²²⁸Th

²²⁹Th

²³⁰Th

²³¹Th

²³²Th

²³³Th

²³⁴Th

²³⁵Th

²³⁶Th

²³⁷Th

²³⁸Th

²³⁹Th