Atomic Number | 23 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 50.9415 |
Mass Number | 51 |
Group | 5 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 23 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 28 n0 |
Electrons | 23 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 135 pm
|
Molar Volume | 8.35 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 134 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 122 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 79 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 93 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 207 pm
|
Density | 6 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 859.4 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 0.525 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.746187 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 460 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 17.5 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 515.5 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 11, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d3 4s2 |
Oxidation States | -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
Electronegativity | 1.63
|
Electrophilicity | 1.0623004980594741 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,680.15 K
|
Melting Point | 2,183.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Vanadium is a Silver. V has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #a6a6ab, and MOLCAS GV of #a6a6ab. The Appearance of Element 23 is blue-silver-grey metal. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | blue-silver-grey metal |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 30.7 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000084 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 24.89 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.489 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 5 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000002 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 5.4 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000628 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000003199 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0003837
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Vanadium is BCC. The lattice constant of V is 3.02 Å. The lattice angles of Element 23 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | 3.02 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Vanadium has a Brinell of 628 MPa, Mohs hardness of 7 MPa, and Vickers of 628 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of V is 160 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 23 is 47 GPa. The Young Modulus of Vanadium (V) is 128 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Vanadium is 0.37. The Speed of Sound of V is 4560 m/s. | |
Hardness | 7 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 160 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 47 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 128 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.37
|
Speed of Sound | 4,560 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Vanadium is VA. The IUPAC Group of V is VB. The Glawe Number of Element 23 is 54. The Mendeleev Number of Vanadium (V) is 47. The Pettifor Number of Vanadium is 54. The Geochemical Class of V is first series transition metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 23 is litophile. | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | VA |
IUPAC Group | VB |
Glawe Number | 54 |
Mendeleev Number | 47 |
Pettifor Number | 54 |
Geochemical Class | first series transition metal |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
The Gas Basicity of Vanadium is 836.8 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of V is 87 plus or minus 10 a₀. Element 23 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 832 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 955 a₀. The Allotropes of Vanadium (V) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Vanadium is 5.06. The Neutron Mass Absorption of V is 0.0033. The Quantum Numbers of Element 23 is 4F3/2. The Space Group of Vanadium (V) is 229 (Im_3m). | |
Gas Basicity | 836.8 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 832 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 5.06
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0033
|
Quantum Numbers | 4F3/2 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 27 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 24 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 39 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 40 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 42 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 43 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 79.3 ± 2.4 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 2.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 44 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 111 ± 7 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 547 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 46 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 422.62 ± 0.05 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 32.6 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1942 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | 0.503 ± 0.00275
|
Half Life | 15.9735 ± 0.0025 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | 1.2771428571429 ± 0.014285714285714
|
Half Life | 330 ± 15 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 0.25 ± 0.01
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 271 ± 13 Py
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.21 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | 99.75 ± 0.01
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.052 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1924 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.743 ± 0.005 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.543 ± 0.014 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 49.8 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.54 ± 0.15 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 216 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 350 ± 10 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 191 ± 10 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 95 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 122 ± 18 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 48.2 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 14.5% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 33.6 ± 2.3 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 19.6 ± 0.9 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 35% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 15 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2013 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Vanadium was originally discovered by Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801. In 1805, the French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was only an impure sample of chromium. In 1831, the Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores. Later that same year, Friedrich Wöhler confirmed del Río's earlier work. Named after Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis
Discoverers | Nils Sefström |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1830 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | From Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis. |
Pronunciation | veh-NAY-di-em (English) |
Found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 120 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.0025 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.000003 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0.0061 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.00004 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0001 %
|
1 | s | 0.5744 |
2 | p | 3.9272 |
2 | s | 6.8186 |
3 | d | 14.0171 |
3 | p | 12.215 |
3 | s | 11.2907 |
4 | s | 18.0188 |