Vanadium (V)

Vanadium is the 23rd element in the periodic table and has a symbol of V and atomic number of 23. It has an atomic weight of 50.9415 and a mass number of 51. Vanadium has twenty-three protons and twenty-eight neutrons in its nucleus, and twenty-three electrons in four shells. It is located in group five, period four and block d of the periodic table. Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel, and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from Vanadis, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Vanadium is essential to Ascidians. Rats and chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled.

Atomic Number	23
Atomic Weight	50.9415
Mass Number	51

Group	5
Period	4
Block	d

Protons	23 p⁺
Neutrons	28 n⁰
Electrons	23 e^-

Properties

Physical Properties
Atomic Radius	135 pm 252 pm
Molar Volume	8.35 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	134 pm 112 pm 106 pm 153 pm
Metallic Radius	122 pm 134 pm
Ionic Radius	79 pm 64 pm 53 pm 58 pm 72 pm 35.5 pm 46 pm 54 pm
Crystal Radius	93 pm 78 pm 67 pm 72 pm 86 pm 49.5 pm 60 pm 68 pm
Van der Waals Radius	205 pm 207 pm 229 pm 314.4 pm
Density	6 g/cm³ 5,500 kg/m³
Energy
Proton Affinity	859.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity	0.525 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	6.746187 eV/particle 14.62 eV/particle 29.311 eV/particle 46.709 eV/particle 65.28165 eV/particle 128.13 eV/particle 150.72 eV/particle 173.55 eV/particle 205.96 eV/particle 230.5 eV/particle 254.8 eV/particle 308.5 eV/particle 336.274 eV/particle 896 eV/particle 977.2 eV/particle 1,062.9 eV/particle 1,165.2 eV/particle 1,258.86 eV/particle 1,354.17 eV/particle 1,486.67 eV/particle 1,569.656 eV/particle 6,851.3106 eV/particle 7,246.122 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	460 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	17.5 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	515.5 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 8, 11, 2

Valence Electrons	2
Electron Configuration	[Ar] 3d³ 4s²

Oxidation States	-3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Electronegativity	9.063 eV/particle 0.1273344 1.63
Electrophilicity	1.0623004980594741 eV/particle
Phases
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	3,680.15 K
Melting Point	2,183.15 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual
Vanadium is a Silver. V has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #a6a6ab, and MOLCAS GV of #a6a6ab. The Appearance of Element 23 is blue-silver-grey metal.
Color	Silver #ff1493 #a6a6ab #a6a6ab
Appearance	blue-silver-grey metal
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	30.7 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000084 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	24.89 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.489 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	5 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.0000002 m Ω
Superconducting Point	5.4 K
Magnetism
Type	paramagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	0.0000000628 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	0.000000003199 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	0.0003837
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
The Crystal Structure of Vanadium is BCC. The lattice constant of V is 3.02 Å. The lattice angles of Element 23 are π/2, π/2, π/2.
Crystal Structure	Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Lattice Constant	3.02 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties
Vanadium has a Brinell of 628 MPa, Mohs hardness of 7 MPa, and Vickers of 628 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of V is 160 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 23 is 47 GPa. The Young Modulus of Vanadium (V) is 128 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Vanadium is 0.37. The Speed of Sound of V is 4560 m/s.
Hardness	628 MPa 7 MPa 628 MPa
Bulk Modulus	160 GPa
Shear Modulus	47 GPa
Young Modulus	128 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.37
Speed of Sound	4,560 m/s
Classification
The CAS Group of Vanadium is VA. The IUPAC Group of V is VB. The Glawe Number of Element 23 is 54. The Mendeleev Number of Vanadium (V) is 47. The Pettifor Number of Vanadium is 54. The Geochemical Class of V is first series transition metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 23 is litophile.
Category	Transition metals, Transition metals
CAS Group	VA
IUPAC Group	VB
Glawe Number	54
Mendeleev Number	47
Pettifor Number	54
Geochemical Class	first series transition metal
Goldschmidt Class	litophile
Other
The Gas Basicity of Vanadium is 836.8 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of V is 87 plus or minus 10 a₀. Element 23 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 832 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 955 a₀. The Allotropes of Vanadium (V) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Vanadium is 5.06. The Neutron Mass Absorption of V is 0.0033. The Quantum Numbers of Element 23 is 4F3/2. The Space Group of Vanadium (V) is 229 (Im_3m).
Gas Basicity	836.8 kJ/mol
Dipole Polarizability	87 ± 10 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	832 a₀ 955 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	5.06
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0033
Quantum Numbers	4F3/2
Space Group	229 (Im_3m)

Isotopes of Vanadium

Stable Isotopes	2
Unstable Isotopes	27
Radioactive Isotopes	24

³⁹V

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	39.02423 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	39
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	-

³⁹V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁴⁰V

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	40.013387 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	40
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	-

⁴⁰V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁴¹V

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	41.000333 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	41
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	-

⁴¹V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁴²V

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	41.99182 ± 0.00021 Da
Mass Number	42
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	-

⁴²V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁴³V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	42.980766 ± 0.000046 Da
Mass Number	43
G-Factor
Half Life	79.3 ± 2.4 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1987
Parity	-

⁴³V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	2.5%

⁴⁴V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	43.974440977 ± 0.000007799 Da
Mass Number	44
G-Factor
Half Life	111 ± 7 ms
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1971
Parity

⁴⁴V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺α (β⁺-delayed α emission)	%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	%

⁴⁵V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	44.965768498 ± 0.000000926 Da
Mass Number	45
G-Factor
Half Life	547 ± 6 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1975
Parity	-

⁴⁵V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁴⁶V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	45.960197389 ± 0.000000143 Da
Mass Number	46
G-Factor	0
Half Life	422.62 ± 0.05 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1952
Parity	+

⁴⁶V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁴⁷V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	46.954903558 ± 0.000000118 Da
Mass Number	47
G-Factor
Half Life	32.6 ± 0.3 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1942
Parity	-

⁴⁷V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁴⁸V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	47.9522509 ± 0.000001043 Da
Mass Number	48
G-Factor	0.503 ± 0.00275
Half Life	15.9735 ± 0.0025 d
Spin	4
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	+

⁴⁸V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁴⁹V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	48.948510509 ± 0.000000884 Da
Mass Number	49
G-Factor	1.2771428571429 ± 0.014285714285714
Half Life	330 ± 15 d
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1940
Parity	-

⁴⁹V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁵⁰V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️ 0.25 ± 0.01
Relative Atomic Mass	49.947156681 ± 0.000000099 Da
Mass Number	50
G-Factor
Half Life	271 ± 13 Py
Spin	6
Quadrupole Moment	0.21 ± 0.04
Discovery Year	1949
Parity	+

⁵⁰V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%

⁵¹V

Abundance	99.75 ± 0.01
Relative Atomic Mass	50.943957664 ± 0.000000104 Da
Mass Number	51
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.052 ± 0.01
Discovery Year	1924
Parity	-

⁵²V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	51.944773636 ± 0.00000017 Da
Mass Number	52
G-Factor
Half Life	3.743 ± 0.005 m
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1934
Parity	+

⁵²V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵³V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	52.94433494 ± 0.000003331 Da
Mass Number	53
G-Factor
Half Life	1.543 ± 0.014 m
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1960
Parity	-

⁵³V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵⁴V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	53.946432009 ± 0.000012001 Da
Mass Number	54
G-Factor
Half Life	49.8 ± 0.5 s
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1970
Parity	+

⁵⁴V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵⁵V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	54.947262 ± 0.000029 Da
Mass Number	55
G-Factor
Half Life	6.54 ± 0.15 s
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1977
Parity	-

⁵⁵V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵⁶V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	55.950420082 ± 0.000188819 Da
Mass Number	56
G-Factor
Half Life	216 ± 4 ms
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1980
Parity	+

⁵⁶V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁵⁷V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	56.952297 ± 0.000091 Da
Mass Number	57
G-Factor
Half Life	350 ± 10 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1980
Parity	-

⁵⁷V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁵⁸V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	57.956595985 ± 0.000102862 Da
Mass Number	58
G-Factor
Half Life	191 ± 10 ms
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1980
Parity	+

⁵⁸V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁵⁹V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	58.959623343 ± 0.000147505 Da
Mass Number	59
G-Factor
Half Life	95 ± 6 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1985
Parity	-

⁵⁹V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	3%

⁶⁰V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	59.964479215 ± 0.000195327 Da
Mass Number	60
G-Factor
Half Life	122 ± 18 ms
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1985
Parity	+

⁶⁰V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶¹V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	60.967603529 ± 0.000252196 Da
Mass Number	61
G-Factor
Half Life	48.2 ± 0.6 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1992
Parity	-

⁶¹V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	14.5%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶²V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	61.972932556 ± 0.000283723 Da
Mass Number	62
G-Factor
Half Life	33.6 ± 2.3 ms
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	+

⁶²V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶³V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	62.976661 ± 0.000365 Da
Mass Number	63
G-Factor
Half Life	19.6 ± 0.9 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	-

⁶³V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	35%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶⁴V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	63.98248 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	64
G-Factor
Half Life	15 ± 2 ms
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity

⁶⁴V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶⁵V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	64.986999 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	65
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2009
Parity	-

⁶⁵V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶⁶V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	65.993237 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	66
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2009
Parity

⁶⁶V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶⁷V

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	66.998128 ± 0.000644 Da
Mass Number	67
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2013
Parity	-

⁶⁷V Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

History

Vanadium was originally discovered by Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801. In 1805, the French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was only an impure sample of chromium. In 1831, the Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores. Later that same year, Friedrich Wöhler confirmed del Río's earlier work. Named after Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis

Discoverers	Nils Sefström
Discovery Location	Sweden
Discovery Year	1830
Etymology (Name Origin)	From Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis.
Pronunciation	veh-NAY-di-em (English)

All vanadium compounds should be considered toxic

Vanadium is mined mostly in South Africa, north-western China, and eastern Russia

Uses

Vanadium is used as an additive in steel to strengthen and protect against corrosion. Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy is used in jet engines and for high-speed aircraft. Vanadium foil is used in cladding titanium to steel. Vanadium pentoxide is used in ceramics and as a catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid. It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer.

Sources

Found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	120 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	0.0025 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body	0.000003 %
Abundance in Meteor	0.0061 %
Abundance in Sun	0.00004 %
Abundance in Universe	0.0001 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.5744
2	p	3.9272
2	s	6.8186
3	d	14.0171
3	p	12.215
3	s	11.2907
4	s	18.0188

Vanadium on ChemicalAid

Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300011036
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3597
BNCF Thesaurus ID	63746
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	122626454
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	vanadium
CAB ID	281143
CAS Registry Number	7440-62-2
CPV Supplementary	AA13
ChEBI ID	27698
ChemSpider ID	22426
Common Procurement Vocabulary	14725000
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID0020282
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID2040282
Den Store Danske ID	vanadium
DrugBank ID	13971
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.337
Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition) ID	190955
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/vanadium
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	vanadium
Freebase ID	/m/025sngq
French Vikidia ID	Vanadium
GND ID	4187375-0
Golden ID	Vanadium-ZXZG8
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0149849
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	1898436
HSDB ID	1022
InChI	InChI=1S/V
InChIKey	LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Vanadium
KEGG ID	C06267
Latvian National Encyclopedia Online ID	145627
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85142005
MeSH descriptor ID	D014639
NDF-RT ID	N0000148327
NDL Authority ID	00560502
NKCR AUT ID	ph126988
Namuwiki ID	바나듐
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007531848705171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	3940
OpenAlex ID	C504678139
PSH ID	5765
Probes And Drugs ID	PD077448
PubChem CID	23990
Quora topic ID	Vanadium
RxNorm ID	11121
Römpp online ID	RD-22-00101
Spanish Vikidia ID	Vanadio
Store norske leksikon ID	vanadium
Treccani ID	vanadio
U.S. National Archives Identifier	10645191
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	13575
UMLS CUI	C0042306
UNII	00J9J9XKDE
USGS Thesaurus ID	1610
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14685199-n
YSO ID	17151
ZVG number	8180

Vanadium (V)

Properties

Isotopes of Vanadium

39V

39V Decay Modes

40V

40V Decay Modes

41V

41V Decay Modes

42V

42V Decay Modes

43V

43V Decay Modes

44V

44V Decay Modes

45V

45V Decay Modes

46V

46V Decay Modes

47V

47V Decay Modes

48V

48V Decay Modes

49V

49V Decay Modes

50V

50V Decay Modes

51V

52V

52V Decay Modes

53V

53V Decay Modes

54V

54V Decay Modes

55V

55V Decay Modes

56V

56V Decay Modes

57V

57V Decay Modes

58V

58V Decay Modes

59V

59V Decay Modes

60V

60V Decay Modes

61V

61V Decay Modes

62V

62V Decay Modes

63V

63V Decay Modes

64V

64V Decay Modes

65V

65V Decay Modes

66V

66V Decay Modes

67V

67V Decay Modes