Atomic Number | 70 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 173.045 |
Mass Number | 174 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | f |
Protons | 70 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 104 n0 |
Electrons | 70 e- |
Atomic Radius | 175 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 24.8 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 170 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 102 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 116 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
226 pm
|
Density | 6.9 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | -0.02 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.25416 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 159 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 3.35 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 155.6 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 6s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | |
Electrophilicity | 0.7743018767771305 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 1,469.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,097.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000263 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 26.74 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.155 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 3.6 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000028 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000059 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.00000000102 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0000388
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (FCC) |
Lattice Constant | 5.49 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 31 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 9.9 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 24 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.21
|
Speed of Sound | 1,590 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Lanthanides, Lanthanides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 18 |
Mendeleev Number | 39 |
Pettifor Number | 17 |
Geochemical Class | rare earth & related |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 35
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0076
|
Quantum Numbers | 1S0 |
Space Group | 225 (Fm_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 7 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 31 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 31 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 148 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 149 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 700 ± 200 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2001 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 150 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2000 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 151 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.6 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 152 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 3.03 ± 0.06 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 153 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
α (α emission) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.008% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 154 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 409 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 92.6% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 7.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 155 |
G-Factor | -0.26 ± 0.0057142857142857
|
Half Life | 1.793 ± 0.02 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.5 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 89% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 11% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 156 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 26.1 ± 0.7 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 90% |
α (α emission) | 10% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 157 |
G-Factor | -0.182 ± 0.0022857142857143
|
Half Life | 38.6 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 158 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.49 ± 0.13 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.0021% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 159 |
G-Factor | -0.146 ± 0.0032
|
Half Life | 1.67 ± 0.09 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.22 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 160 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.8 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 161 |
G-Factor | -0.21733333333333 ± 0.0053333333333333
|
Half Life | 4.2 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.03 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 162 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 18.87 ± 0.19 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 163 |
G-Factor | -0.24866666666667 ± 0.0053333333333333
|
Half Life | 11.05 ± 0.35 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 1.24 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 164 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 75.8 ± 1.7 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 165 |
G-Factor | 0.1908 ± 0.0032
|
Half Life | 9.9 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.48 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 166 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 56.7 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 167 |
G-Factor | 0.2484 ± 0.0032
|
Half Life | 17.5 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.7 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 0.123 ± 0.003
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 168 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 169 |
G-Factor | -0.18085714285714 ± 0.0022857142857143
|
Half Life | 32.014 ± 0.005 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 3.54 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1946 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 2.982 ± 0.039
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 170 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 14.086 ± 0.14
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 171 |
G-Factor | 0.9846 ± 0.0008
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 21.686 ± 0.13
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 172 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 16.103 ± 0.063
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 173 |
G-Factor | -0.2712 ± 0.00024
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 2.8 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 32.025 ± 0.08
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 174 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 175 |
G-Factor | 0.21885714285714 ± 0.0022857142857143
|
Half Life | 4.185 ± 0.001 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 3.52 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1945 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | 12.995 ± 0.083
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 176 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | % |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 177 |
G-Factor | -0.15444444444444 ± 0.0033333333333333
|
Half Life | 1.911 ± 0.003 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 4.03 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1945 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 178 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 74 ± 3 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 179 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8 ± 0.4 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 180 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.4 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 181 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2000 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 182 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 183 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 184 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2012 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
Ytterbium was discovered by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in the year 1878. In 1907, in Paris, George Urbain separated ytterbia into two constituents. Ytterbium metal was first made in 1937 by Klemm and Bonner by heating ytterbium chloride and potassium together. A relatively pure sample of the metal was obtained only in 1953. Ytterbium was named after Ytterby, a town in Sweden
Discoverers | Jean de Marignac |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Switzerland |
Discovery Year | 1878 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Named for the Swedish village of Ytterby. |
Pronunciation | i-TUR-bi-em (English) |
Found in minerals such as yttria, monazite, gadolinite, and xenotime. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and typically 0.03% ytterbium.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 3.2 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.00000082 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | |
Abundance in Meteor | 0.000018 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.0000001 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0000002 %
|
1 | s | 1.3611 |
2 | p | 4.3716 |
2 | s | 18.306 |
3 | d | 13.6033 |
3 | p | 20.6635 |
3 | s | 21.2398 |
4 | d | 36.4104 |
4 | f | 40.568 |
4 | p | 33.598 |
4 | s | 32.4824 |
5 | p | 52.1685 |
5 | s | 49.85 |
6 | s | 61.4068 |