Zinc (Zn)

Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non-metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen.

Atomic Number	30
Atomic Weight	65.38
Mass Number	64

Group	12
Period	4
Block	d

Protons	30 p⁺
Neutrons	34 n⁰
Electrons	30 e^-

Properties

Energy
Atomic Radius	135 pm 222 pm
Molar Volume	9.2 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	118 pm 120 pm 132 pm 122 pm
Metallic Radius	121 pm 134 pm
Ionic Radius	60 pm 68 pm 74 pm 90 pm
Crystal Radius	74 pm 82 pm 88 pm 104 pm
Van der Waals Radius	210 pm 201 pm 229 pm 276.3 pm
Density	7.134 g/cm³ 6,570 kg/m³
Proton Affinity	608.6 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity
Ionization Energy	9.394199 eV/particle 17.96439 eV/particle 39.723 eV/particle 59.573 eV/particle 82.6 eV/particle 108 eV/particle 134 eV/particle 173.9 eV/particle 203 eV/particle 238 eV/particle 274.4 eV/particle 310.8 eV/particle 417.6 eV/particle 453.37 eV/particle 490.63 eV/particle 540 eV/particle 577.8 eV/particle 613.3 eV/particle 697.51 eV/particle 737.366 eV/particle 1,846.8 eV/particle 1,961 eV/particle 2,085 eV/particle 2,214 eV/particle 2,358 eV/particle 2,491.5 eV/particle 2,669.9 eV/particle 2,781.996 eV/particle 11,864.9394 eV/particle 12,388.928 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	114.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	7.28 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	130.4 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 8, 18, 2

Valence Electrons	2
Electron Configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²

Oxidation States	-2, 0, 1, 2
Electronegativity	9.395 eV/particle 0.1551518 1.65
Electrophilicity
Phases
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	1,180.15 K
Melting Point	692.677 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual
Color	Slate Gray #a52a2a #7d80b0 #7d80b0
Appearance	silver-gray
Refractive Index	1.00205
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	116 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000302 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	25.39 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.388 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	17 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.00000005900000000001 m Ω
Superconducting Point	0.85 K
Magnetism
Type	diamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	-0.00000000221 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	-0.000000000145 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	-0.0000158
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal (HEX)
Lattice Constant	2.66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties
Hardness	412 MPa 2.5 MPa
Bulk Modulus	70 GPa
Shear Modulus	43 GPa
Young Modulus	108 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.25
Speed of Sound	3,700 m/s
Classification
Category	Transition metals, Transition metals
CAS Group	IIB
IUPAC Group	IIB
Glawe Number	74
Mendeleev Number	77
Pettifor Number	76
Geochemical Class	first series transition metal
Goldschmidt Class	chalcophile
Other
Gas Basicity	586 kJ/mol
Dipole Polarizability	38.67 ± 0.3 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	284 a₀ 276 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	1.1
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.00055
Quantum Numbers	1S0
Space Group	194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Zinc

Stable Isotopes	5
Unstable Isotopes	28
Radioactive Isotopes	27

⁵⁴Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	53.993879 ± 0.000232 Da
Mass Number	54
G-Factor	0
Half Life	1.8 ± 0.5 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2005
Parity	+

⁵⁴Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2p (2-proton emission)	87%

⁵⁵Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	54.984681 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	55
G-Factor
Half Life	19.8 ± 1.3 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2001
Parity	-

⁵⁵Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	91%

⁵⁶Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	55.972743 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	56
G-Factor	0
Half Life	32.4 ± 0.7 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2001
Parity	+

⁵⁶Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	88%

⁵⁷Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	56.965056 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	57
G-Factor
Half Life	45.7 ± 0.6 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1976
Parity	-

⁵⁷Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁵⁸Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	57.954590296 ± 0.000053678 Da
Mass Number	58
G-Factor	0
Half Life	86 ± 1.9 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1986
Parity	+

⁵⁸Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.7%

⁵⁹Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	58.949311886 ± 0.000000814 Da
Mass Number	59
G-Factor
Half Life	178.7 ± 1.3 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1981
Parity	-

⁵⁹Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.1%

⁶⁰Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	59.941841317 ± 0.000000588 Da
Mass Number	60
G-Factor	0
Half Life	2.38 ± 0.05 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	+

⁶⁰Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶¹Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	60.939506964 ± 0.000017068 Da
Mass Number	61
G-Factor
Half Life	89.1 ± 0.2 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	-

⁶¹Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶²Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	61.934333359 ± 0.00000066 Da
Mass Number	62
G-Factor	0
Half Life	9.193 ± 0.015 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	+

⁶²Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶³Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	62.93321114 ± 0.000001674 Da
Mass Number	63
G-Factor	-0.18762 ± 0.000033333333333333
Half Life	38.47 ± 0.05 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.2 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	-

⁶³Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁴Zn

Abundance	49.17 ± 0.75
Relative Atomic Mass	63.929141776 ± 0.00000069 Da
Mass Number	64
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1922
Parity	+

⁶⁴Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)	%

⁶⁵Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	64.929240534 ± 0.000000693 Da
Mass Number	65
G-Factor	0.30736 ± 0.00008
Half Life	243.94 ± 0.04 d
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.019 ± 0.002
Discovery Year	1939
Parity	-

⁶⁵Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁶Zn

Abundance	27.73 ± 0.98
Relative Atomic Mass	65.926033639 ± 0.000000798 Da
Mass Number	66
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1922
Parity	+

⁶⁷Zn

Abundance	4.04 ± 0.16
Relative Atomic Mass	66.927127422 ± 0.00000081 Da
Mass Number	67
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.122 ± 0.01
Discovery Year	1928
Parity	-

⁶⁸Zn

Abundance	18.45 ± 0.63
Relative Atomic Mass	67.924844232 ± 0.000000835 Da
Mass Number	68
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1922
Parity	+

⁶⁹Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	68.92655036 ± 0.000000853 Da
Mass Number	69
G-Factor	1.114 ± 0.004
Half Life	56.4 ± 0.9 m
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	-

⁶⁹Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁰Zn

Abundance	0.61 ± 0.1
Relative Atomic Mass	69.925319175 ± 0.000002058 Da
Mass Number	70
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1922
Parity	+

⁷⁰Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	%

⁷¹Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	70.927719578 ± 0.000002849 Da
Mass Number	71
G-Factor	1.102 ± 0.002
Half Life	2.4 ± 0.05 m
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1955
Parity	-

⁷¹Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷²Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	71.926842806 ± 0.0000023 Da
Mass Number	72
G-Factor	0
Half Life	46.5 ± 0.1 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1951
Parity	+

⁷²Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷³Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	72.92958258 ± 0.000002 Da
Mass Number	73
G-Factor	1.1162 ± 0.001
Half Life	24.5 ± 0.2 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	-

⁷³Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁴Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	73.92940726 ± 0.0000027 Da
Mass Number	74
G-Factor	0
Half Life	95.6 ± 1.2 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	+

⁷⁴Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁵Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	74.932840244 ± 0.0000021 Da
Mass Number	75
G-Factor	-0.22517142857143 ± 0.00025714285714286
Half Life	10.2 ± 0.2 s
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.16 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	+

⁷⁵Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	75.933114956 ± 0.000001562 Da
Mass Number	76
G-Factor	0
Half Life	5.7 ± 0.3 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	+

⁷⁶Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	76.936887197 ± 0.000002117 Da
Mass Number	77
G-Factor	-0.25905714285714 ± 0.000028571428571429
Half Life	2.08 ± 0.05 s
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.48 ± 0.04
Discovery Year	1977
Parity	+

⁷⁷Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	77.938289204 ± 0.000002086 Da
Mass Number	78
G-Factor	0
Half Life	1.47 ± 0.15 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1977
Parity	+

⁷⁸Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁷⁹Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	78.942638067 ± 0.000002388 Da
Mass Number	79
G-Factor	-0.26348888888889 ± 0.00022222222222222
Half Life	746 ± 42 ms
Spin	9/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.4 ± 0.04
Discovery Year	1981
Parity	+

⁷⁹Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	1.7%

⁸⁰Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	79.944552929 ± 0.000002774 Da
Mass Number	80
G-Factor	0
Half Life	562.2 ± 3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1981
Parity	+

⁸⁰Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	1.36%

⁸¹Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	80.950402617 ± 0.0000054 Da
Mass Number	81
G-Factor
Half Life	299.4 ± 2.1 ms
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1991
Parity	+

⁸¹Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	23%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁸²Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	81.954574097 ± 0.0000033 Da
Mass Number	82
G-Factor	0
Half Life	177.9 ± 2.5 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	+

⁸²Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	69%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁸³Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	82.961041 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	83
G-Factor
Half Life	100 ± 3 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	+

⁸³Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	71%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁸⁴Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	83.965829 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	84
G-Factor	0
Half Life	54 ± 8 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

⁸⁴Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	73%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁸⁵Zn

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	84.973054 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	85
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	+

⁸⁵Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁸⁶Zn

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	85.978463 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	86
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	+

⁸⁶Zn Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

History

Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746. He heated a mixture of calamine ore and carbon in a closed vessel without copper to produce the metal. From the German word Zink, of obscure origin

Discoverers	Known to the ancients.
Discovery Location
Discovery Year
Etymology (Name Origin)	German: zink (German for tin).
Pronunciation	ZINK (English)

Zinc is not considered to be particularly toxic

Zinc is referred to in nonscientific contexts as spelter

Uses

Because of its corrosion resistance, zinc is often plated to other metals in a process called galvanization. Zinc is an essential trace element for animals and plants. Large quantities of zinc are used to produce die castings, which are used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. Used to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from rusting. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze, nickel. Also in solder, cosmetics and pigments.

Sources

Found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite, and zincite (ZnO).

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	70 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	0.0049 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body	0.0033 %
Abundance in Meteor	0.018 %
Abundance in Sun	0.0002 %
Abundance in Universe	0.00003 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.6755
2	p	3.902
2	s	8.172
3	d	16.1217
3	p	14.6307
3	s	13.7808
4	s	24.0348

Zinc on ChemicalAid

AEDA subject keyword ID	17580
AGROVOC ID	c_8517
Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300011037
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3601
BNCF Thesaurus ID	26599
Biblioteca Nacional de España ID	XX529698
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	119731249
Biology Online Biology Dictionary entry	zinc
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	zink-20
CAS Registry Number	7440-66-6
ChEBI ID	30185
ChemSpider ID	22430
CosIng number	86562
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID004384
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID7035012
DeCS ID	15427
Den Store Danske ID	zink
DrugBank ID	01593
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.341
Encyclopedia of China ID (Third Edition)	190459
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/zinc
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	zinc
EuroVoc ID	4783
Freebase ID	/m/025sqz8
French Vikidia ID	Zinc
GND ID	4137453-8
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0152097
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	4677532
Grove Art Online ID	T093545
HCIS ID	4735
HCIS ID	4736
HSDB ID	1344
ICSC ID	1205
InChI	InChI=1S/Zn
InChIKey	HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Zinc
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85149842
MeSH descriptor ID	D015032
NALT ID	33438
NDF-RT ID	N0000146033
NKCR AUT ID	ph137237
Namuwiki ID	아연
National Diet Library ID	00560063
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007534131805171
Nomisma ID	zn
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	4193
OpenAlex ID	C2984449711
OpenAlex ID	C535196362
PACTOLS thesaurus ID	pcrtAhu8O29Xb2
PSH ID	5788
PubChem CID	23994
Quora topic ID	Zinc-5
RKD thesaurus ID	37108
RxNorm ID	11416
Römpp online ID	RD-26-00339
STW Thesaurus for Economics ID	14309-0
Spanish Cultural Heritage thesauri ID	materias/1000931
Spanish Vikidia ID	Zinc
Store medisinske leksikon ID	sink
Store medisinske leksikon ID	sink_-_ernæring
Store norske leksikon ID	sink
Treccani ID	zinco
UK Archival Thesaurus ID	f2/mt225/4347/19146
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	95371
UMLS CUI	C0043481
UNII	J41CSQ7QDS
UNSPSC Code	11101719
WikiSkripta ID	12114
Wolfram Language entity code	Entity["Mineral", "Zinc"]
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14686156-n
YSO ID	15062
ZVG number	8250
ZVG number	500052
Zhihu topic ID	19653740

Zinc (Zn)

Properties

Isotopes of Zinc

54Zn

54Zn Decay Modes

55Zn

55Zn Decay Modes

56Zn

56Zn Decay Modes

57Zn

57Zn Decay Modes

58Zn

58Zn Decay Modes

59Zn

59Zn Decay Modes

60Zn

60Zn Decay Modes

61Zn

61Zn Decay Modes

62Zn

62Zn Decay Modes

63Zn

63Zn Decay Modes

64Zn

64Zn Decay Modes

65Zn

65Zn Decay Modes

66Zn

67Zn

68Zn

69Zn

69Zn Decay Modes

70Zn

70Zn Decay Modes

71Zn

71Zn Decay Modes

72Zn

72Zn Decay Modes

73Zn

73Zn Decay Modes

74Zn

74Zn Decay Modes

75Zn

75Zn Decay Modes

76Zn

76Zn Decay Modes

77Zn

77Zn Decay Modes

78Zn

78Zn Decay Modes

79Zn

79Zn Decay Modes

80Zn

80Zn Decay Modes

81Zn

81Zn Decay Modes

82Zn

82Zn Decay Modes

83Zn

83Zn Decay Modes

84Zn

84Zn Decay Modes

85Zn

85Zn Decay Modes

86Zn

86Zn Decay Modes