Atomic Number | 30 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 65.38 |
Mass Number | 64 |
Group | 12 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 30 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 34 n0 |
Electrons | 30 e- |
Atomic Radius | 135 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 9.2 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 118 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 121 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 60 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 74 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 201 pm
|
Density | 7.134 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 608.6 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | 9.394199 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 114.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 7.28 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 130.4 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 |
Oxidation States | -2, 0, 1, 2 |
Electronegativity | 1.65
|
Electrophilicity | |
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 1,180.15 K
|
Melting Point | 692.677 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Slate Gray
|
Appearance | silver-gray |
Refractive Index | 1.00205
|
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 116 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000302 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.39 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.388 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 17 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000005900000000001 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 0.85 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.00000000221 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000145 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000158
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 2.66 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 2.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 70 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 43 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 108 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.25
|
Speed of Sound | 3,700 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | IIB |
IUPAC Group | IIB |
Glawe Number | 74 |
Mendeleev Number | 77 |
Pettifor Number | 76 |
Geochemical Class | first series transition metal |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 586 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 284 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 1.1
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00055
|
Quantum Numbers | 1S0 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 5 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 28 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 27 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.8 ± 0.5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2005 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | 87% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 19.8 ± 1.3 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2001 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 91% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 32.4 ± 0.7 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2001 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 88% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 45.7 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 87% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 86 ± 1.9 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 178.7 ± 1.3 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.38 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 89.1 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 9.193 ± 0.015 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | -0.18762 ± 0.000033333333333333
|
Half Life | 38.47 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.2 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 49.17 ± 0.75
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | 0.30736 ± 0.00008
|
Half Life | 243.94 ± 0.04 d
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.019 ± 0.002
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 27.73 ± 0.98
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 4.04 ± 0.16
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.122 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1928 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 18.45 ± 0.63
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | 1.114 ± 0.004
|
Half Life | 56.4 ± 0.9 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | 0.61 ± 0.1
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | 1.102 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 2.4 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 46.5 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | 1.1162 ± 0.001
|
Half Life | 24.5 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 95.6 ± 1.2 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | -0.22517142857143 ± 0.00025714285714286
|
Half Life | 10.2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.16 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 5.7 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | -0.25905714285714 ± 0.000028571428571429
|
Half Life | 2.08 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.48 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.47 ± 0.15 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | -0.26348888888889 ± 0.00022222222222222
|
Half Life | 746 ± 42 ms
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.4 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 562.2 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1.36% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 299.4 ± 2.1 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 23% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 177.9 ± 2.5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 69% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 100 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 71% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 54 ± 8 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 73% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746. He heated a mixture of calamine ore and carbon in a closed vessel without copper to produce the metal. From the German word Zink, of obscure origin
Discoverers | Known to the ancients. |
---|---|
Discovery Location | |
Discovery Year | |
Etymology (Name Origin) | German: zink (German for tin). |
Pronunciation | ZINK (English) |
Found in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite, and zincite (ZnO).
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 70 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.0049 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.0033 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0.018 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.0002 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.00003 %
|
1 | s | 0.6755 |
2 | p | 3.902 |
2 | s | 8.172 |
3 | d | 16.1217 |
3 | p | 14.6307 |
3 | s | 13.7808 |
4 | s | 24.0348 |