Carbon (C)
Carbon is the 6th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of C and atomic number of 6. It has an atomic weight of 12.011 and a mass number of 12. Carbon has six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus, and six electrons in two shells. It is located in group fourteen, period two and block p of the periodic table. Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.
| Atomic Number | 6 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 12.011 |
| Mass Number | 12 |
| Group | 14 |
|---|---|
| Period | 2 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 6 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 6 n0 |
| Electrons | 6 e- |
Physical Properties
| Atomic Radius | |
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | |
| Covalent Radius | |
| Metallic Radius | |
| Ionic Radius | |
| Crystal Radius | |
| Van der Waals Radius | |
| Density |
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | |
| Ionization Energy | |
| Heat of Vaporization | |
| Heat of Fusion | |
| Heat of Formation | |
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 4 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 4 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [He] 2s2 2p2ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p2 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| Electronegativity |
2.55
|
| Electrophilicity Index | |
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Gas Phase | |
| Boiling Point | |
| Melting Point | |
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Carbon is a Black. C has a CPK of #c8c8c8, Jmol of #909090, and MOLCAS GV of #555555. The Refractive Index of Element 6 is 2.417. | |
| Color | Black
|
| Appearance | |
| Refractive Index | 2.417
|
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | |
| Specific Heat Capacity | |
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | Conductor |
| Electrical Conductivity | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | diamagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000062 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.0000000000745 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.000014
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Carbon is DIA. The lattice constant of C is 3.57 Å. The lattice angles of Element 6 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (DIA) |
| Lattice Constant | |
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
Carbon has a Mohs hardness of 0.5 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of C is 33 GPa. The Speed of Sound of Element 6 is 18350 m/s. | |
| Hardness | |
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Carbon is IVB. The IUPAC Group of C is IVA. The Glawe Number of Element 6 is 87. The Mendeleev Number of Carbon (C) is 87. The Pettifor Number of Carbon is 95. The Geochemical Class of C is semi-volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 6 is atmophile. | |
| Category | Other nonmetals, Nonmetals |
| CAS Group | IVB |
| IUPAC Group | IVA |
| Glawe Number | 87 |
| Mendeleev Number | 87 |
| Pettifor Number | 95 |
| Geochemical Class | semi-volatile |
| Goldschmidt Class | atmophile |
Other
The Dipole Polarizability of Carbon is 11.3 plus or minus 0.2 a₀. C has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 46.6 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 47.9 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 6 are Graphite, Diamond, Amorphous Carbon, Lonsdaleite, Fullerene, Carbon Nanotube, Graphene. The Neutron Cross Section of Carbon (C) is 0.0035. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Carbon is 1.5E-5. The Quantum Numbers of C is 3P0. The Space Group of Element 6 is 194 (P63/mmc).
| Gas Basicity | |
|---|---|
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
| Allotropes | Graphite, Diamond, Amorphous Carbon, Lonsdaleite, Fullerene, Carbon Nanotube, Graphene |
| Neutron Cross Section | 0.0035
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.000015
|
| Quantum Numbers | 3P0 |
| Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Isotopes of Carbon
| Stable Isotopes | 2 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 14 |
| Natural Isotopes | 2 |
8C
| Mass Number | 8 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 2 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 3.5 ± 1.4 zs
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1974 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2p (2-proton emission) | 100% |
9C
| Mass Number | 9 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 3 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.9276 ± 0.00033333333333333
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 126.5 ± 0.9 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1964 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 7.5% |
| β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 38.4% |
10C
| Mass Number | 10 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 4 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 19.3011 ± 0.0015 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1949 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
11C
| Mass Number | 11 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 5 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | -0.64266666666667 ± 0.00066666666666667
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 20.3402 ± 0.0053 m
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.0333 ± 0.0002
|
| Discovery Year | 1934 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
12C
| Mass Number | 12 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 6 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | 98.94 ± 0.06
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1919 |
| Parity | + |
13C
| Mass Number | 13 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 7 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.404738 ± 0.000008
|
| Abundance | 1.06 ± 0.06
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1929 |
| Parity | - |
14C
| Mass Number | 14 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 8 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.7 ± 0.03 ky
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1936 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
15C
| Mass Number | 15 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 9 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 3.44 ± 0.018
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.449 ± 0.005 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1950 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
16C
| Mass Number | 16 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 10 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 750 ± 6 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1961 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 99% |
17C
| Mass Number | 17 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 11 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.50533333333333 ± 0.0026666666666667
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 193 ± 6 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1968 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 28.4% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
18C
| Mass Number | 18 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 12 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 92 ± 2 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1969 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 31.5% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
19C
| Mass Number | 19 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 13 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 46.2 ± 2.3 ms
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1974 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 47% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 7% |
20C
| Mass Number | 20 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 14 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 16 ± 3 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1981 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 70% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 18.6% |
21C
| Mass Number | 21 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 15 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) |
22C
| Mass Number | 22 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 16 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 6.2 ± 1.3 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1986 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 61% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 37% |
23C
| Mass Number | 23 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 17 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) |
History
Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations. In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon; when he burned samples of charcoal and diamond and found that neither produced any water. In 1779, Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that graphite burned to form carbon dioxide and so must be another form of carbon. From the Latin word carbo, charcoal
| Discoverers | Known to the ancients |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: carbo, (charcoal). |
| Pronunciation | KAR-ben (English) |
Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity to humans and can be handled safely in the form of graphite or charcoal
About 20% of the weight of living organisms is carbon
Uses
The major use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil. Graphite is used for pencil tips, high temperature crucibles, dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant. Diamonds are used in jewelry and in industry for cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing. Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink. For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.
Sources
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.3273 |
| 2 | p | 2.8642 |
| 2 | s | 2.7834 |
Also Known As
- C
- element 6
- 6C
Translations
- Italiancarbonio
- Frenchcarbone
- Spanishcarbono
- Norwegian Bokmålkarbon
- Polishwęgiel
- GermanKohlenstoff
- Esperantokarbono
- Russianуглерод
- Dutchkoolstof
- Chinese (Traditional)碳
- Ilokokarbon
- Hungarianszén
- Afrikaanskoolstof
- Amharicካርቦን
- AragoneseCarbonio
- Arabicكربون
- Egyptian Arabicكاربون
- AsturianCarbonu
- AzerbaijaniKarbon
- BashkirУглерод
- BelarusianВуглярод
- Bulgarianвъглерод
- Banglaকার্বন
- BretonKarbon
- Bosnianugljik
- Catalancarboni
- CebuanoKarbon
- CherokeeᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ
- Central Kurdishکاربۆن
- CorsicanCarboniu
- Czechuhlík
- ChuvashКăмрăк
- Welshcarbon
- Danishcarbon
- German (Switzerland)Kohlenstoff
- GreekΆνθρακας
- English (Canada)Carbon
- English (United Kingdom)carbon
- Estoniansüsinik
- Basquekarbono
- Persianکربن
- Finnishhiili
- Northern FrisianKarboon
- FriulianCarboni
- Western FrisianKoalstof
- Irishcarbón
- Scottish GaelicGualan
- Galiciancarbono
- Gujaratiકાર્બન
- ManxCarboan
- Hakka ChineseThan
- HawaiianKalepona
- Hebrewפחמן
- Fiji HindiKoila
- Hindiकार्बन
- CroatianUgljik
- Upper SorbianWuhlik
- Haitian CreoleKabòn
- Armenianածխածին
- Interlinguacarbon
- Indonesiankarbon
- Idokarbo
- Icelandickolefni
- Japanese炭素
- Lojbantabno
- JavaneseKarbon
- Georgianნახშირბადი
- KazakhКөміртегі
- Kannadaಇಂಗಾಲ
- Komi-PermyakШомувтыр
- Korean탄소
- ColognianKohlenstoff
- KurdishKarbon
- KomiШомчужысь
- Latincarbonium
- LuxembourgishKuelestoff
- LigurianCarbonio
- LimburgishKoolstof
- LombardCarboni
- LingalaKaboni
- LithuanianAnglis
- Latvianogleklis
- map (BMS)Karbon
- MokshaСедель
- MalagasyKarbônina
- MariШӱйдӱҥ
- Māoriwaro
- Macedonianјаглерод
- Malayalamകാർബൺ
- Mongolianнүүрстөрөгч
- Western MariУглерод
- Marathiकार्बन
- Malaykarbon
- Maltesekarbonju
- ErzyaСедь
- Burmeseကာဗွန်
- nahTecolli
- Low GermanKohlenstoff
- Nepaliकार्बन
- Norwegian Nynorskkarbon
- Novialkarbo
- NavajoKáábin
- Occitancarbòni
- OsseticÆвзалыгуыр
- Papiamentokarbon
- Punjabiਕਾਰਬਨ
- Western Panjabiکاربن
- Portuguesecarbono
- Portuguese (Brazil)carbono
- QuechuaK'illimsayaq
- Romaniancarbon
- RusynВуглець
- YakutКарбон
- Siciliancarboniu
- Serbo-CroatianUgljenik
- Sinhalaකාබන්
- Slovakuhlík
- Slovenianogljik
- AlbanianKarboni
- Serbianугљеник
- Saterland FrisianKoolestof
- SundaneseKarbon
- Swedishkol
- SwahiliKaboni
- Tamilகரிமம்
- Teluguకార్బన్
- TajikКарбон
- Thaiคาร์บอน
- TagalogKarbon
- Turkishkarbon
- Tatarкүмер
- Uyghurكاربون
- Ukrainianвуглець
- Urduفحم
- UzbekUglerod
- VenetianCarbonio
- VepsHil'nik
- Vietnamesecarbon
- West FlemishCarbong
- WarayCarbono
- WalloonCarbone
- Wu Chinese碳
- KalmykНүртөр
- Yiddishקוילנשטאף
- YorubaKárbọ̀nù
- Cantonese碳
- Chinese碳
- FijianKaboni
- Lower Sorbianwuglik
- Odiaଅଙ୍ଗାରକ
- GuaraniTatapỹi
- Scotscarbon
- KikuyuCarbon
- FaroeseKolevni
- PiedmonteseCarbòni
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)碳
- Chinese (China)碳
- Swiss GermanKohlenstoff
- SamogitianOnglis
- Min Nan ChineseThoàⁿ-sò͘
- Literary Chinese碳
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)вуглярод
- Newariकार्बोन
- SomaliKaarboon
- BuriatНүүрһэнтүрэгшэ
- LezghianУглерод
- cdoTáng
- SardinianCarbòniu
- Sanskritकार्बन
- KyrgyzКөмүртек
- ZhuangDanq
- Gan Chinese碳
- AromanianCarbonu
- Tibetanསོཕ་རྗས།
- Bhojpuriकार्बन
- azbکربون
- Assameseকাৰ্বন
- Jamaican Creole EnglishKaaban
- oloHiilisuadu
- Paliकार्बोन
- Lingua Franca Novacarbono
- Tatar (Cyrillic)күмер
- XhosaI-carbon
- ShonaCarbon
- VolapükKarbin
- Khmerកាបូន
- kbpKarɩbɔnɩ
- KabyleAkaṛbun
- hywԱծխածին
- Chinese (Taiwan)碳
- ExtremaduranCarbonu
- gcrKarbonn
- Chinese (Simplified)碳
- Chinese (Singapore)碳
- Chinese (Malaysia)碳
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)碳
- TuvinianУглерод
- Moroccan Arabicكربون
- Pashtoکاربون
- Cornishkarbon
- lldCarbonie
- BikolKarbon
- Manipuriꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ
- BalineseKarbon
- Inari Samičiđđâ
- Crimean Tatarkarbon
- Northern Samičitna
- Skolt Samiill
- ZuluIkhaboni
- Malay (Arabic)کربون
- MinangkabauKarbon
- InterlingueCarbon
- Sindhiڪاربن
- blkကာဗွန်
- skrکاربن
- Silesianwōngel
- OromoKaarboonii
