Germanij[um] (Ge)

hemijski element sa simbolom Ge i atomskim brojem 32

Atomic Number	32
Atomic Weight	72.63
Maseni broj	74

Group	14
Period	4
Block	p

Proton	32 p⁺
Neutron	42 n⁰
Elektron	32 e^-

Animated Bohrov model atoma of Ge (Germanij[um])

Physical Property

Atomski Radijus	125 pm 234 pm
Molarni volumen	13,6 cm³/mol
covalent radius	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
Ionski radijus	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Van der Waalsov radijus	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
gustoća	5,3234 g/cm³ 5.600 kg/m³

Chemical Property

energija

proton affinity
electron affinity	1,232712 eV/particle
ionization energy	7,899435 eV/particle 15,93461 eV/particle 34,0576 eV/particle 45,715 eV/particle 90,5 eV/particle 115,9 eV/particle 144,9 eV/particle 176,4 eV/particle 212,5 eV/particle 252,1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527,9 eV/particle 567,29 eV/particle 609,06 eV/particle 662,8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837,1 eV/particle 880,444 eV/particle 2.180,1 eV/particle 2.304 eV/particle 2.439 eV/particle 2.575 eV/particle 2.737,2 eV/particle 2.881,9 eV/particle 3.074 eV/particle 3.194,293 eV/particle 13.557,4202 eV/particle 14.119,429 eV/particle

Toplota isparavanja	328 kJ/mol
toplota topljenja	36,8 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	372 kJ/mol
Elektron

electron shell	2, 8, 18, 4

Valentni elektron	4 ⓘ

electron configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

oksidacijsko stanje	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Elektronegativnost	11,8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1,5636638275958255 eV/particle
fundamental state of matter

agregatno stanje	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	3.106,15 K
Melting Point	1.211,4 K
critical pressure
Kritična temperatura	9.802,15 K
Trojna tačka
appearance
boja	Gray #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
appearance	grayish-white
Indeks prelamanja
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity	60,2 W/(m K)
thermal expansion	0,000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23,222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0,32 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Semiconductor
Specifična električna provodljivost	0,002 MS/m
electrical resistivity	0,0005 Ω*m
Superprovodljivost
Magnetizam
type	diamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	-0,0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	-0,000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	-0,00000798
magnetic ordering
Kirijeva tačka
Néel temperature
struktura
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (DIA)
lattice constant	5,66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
Tvrdoća	6 MPa
bulk modulus
shear modulus
Young's modulus
Poisson's ratio
Brzina zvuka	5.400 m/s
klasifikacija
Category	Metalloids, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classification	chalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	2,2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0,0011
Kvantni brojevi	3P0
space group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

Maseni broj	58
broj neutrona	26
Relative Atomic Mass	57,991863 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

Maseni broj	59
broj neutrona	27
Relative Atomic Mass	58,982426 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	13,3 ± 1,7 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
datum otkrića	2015
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

Maseni broj	60
broj neutrona	28
Relative Atomic Mass	59,970445 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	21 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	2005
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

Maseni broj	61
broj neutrona	29
Relative Atomic Mass	60,963725 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	40,7 ± 0,4 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
datum otkrića	1987
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

Maseni broj	62
broj neutrona	30
Relative Atomic Mass	61,954761 ± 0,00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	82,5 ± 1,4 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

Maseni broj	63
broj neutrona	31
Relative Atomic Mass	62,949628 ± 0,00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	153,6 ± 1,1 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
datum otkrića	1991
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

Maseni broj	64
broj neutrona	32
Relative Atomic Mass	63,941689912 ± 0,000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	63,7 ± 2,5 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

Maseni broj	65
broj neutrona	33
Relative Atomic Mass	64,939368136 ± 0,000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	30,9 ± 0,5 s
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
datum otkrića	1972
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

Maseni broj	66
broj neutrona	34
Relative Atomic Mass	65,933862124 ± 0,000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	2,26 ± 0,05 h
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1950
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

Maseni broj	67
broj neutrona	35
Relative Atomic Mass	66,932716999 ± 0,000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	18,9 ± 0,3 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1950
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

Maseni broj	68
broj neutrona	36
Relative Atomic Mass	67,928095305 ± 0,000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	271,05 ± 0,08 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1948
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

Maseni broj	69
broj neutrona	37
Relative Atomic Mass	68,927964467 ± 0,000001414 Da
g-factor	0,294 ± 0,0028
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	39,05 ± 0,1 h
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0,114 ± 0,007
datum otkrića	1938
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

Maseni broj	70
broj neutrona	38
Relative Atomic Mass	69,924248542 ± 0,00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20,52 ± 0,19
Radioaktivnost	stable isotope
Vrijeme poluraspada	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1923
parity	+

⁷¹Ge

Maseni broj	71
broj neutrona	39
Relative Atomic Mass	70,92495212 ± 0,000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	11,43 ± 0,03 d
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1941
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

Maseni broj	72
broj neutrona	40
Relative Atomic Mass	71,922075824 ± 0,000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27,45 ± 0,15
Radioaktivnost	stable isotope
Vrijeme poluraspada	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1923
parity	+

⁷³Ge

Maseni broj	73
broj neutrona	41
Relative Atomic Mass	72,923458954 ± 0,000000061 Da
g-factor	-0,19516444444444 ± 0,000011111111111111
natural abundance	7,76 ± 0,08
Radioaktivnost	stable isotope
Vrijeme poluraspada	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	-0,196 ± 0,001
datum otkrića	1933
parity	+

⁷⁴Ge

Maseni broj	74
broj neutrona	42
Relative Atomic Mass	73,92117776 ± 0,000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36,52 ± 0,12
Radioaktivnost	stable isotope
Vrijeme poluraspada	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1923
parity	+

⁷⁵Ge

Maseni broj	75
broj neutrona	43
Relative Atomic Mass	74,92285837 ± 0,000000055 Da
g-factor	1,018 ± 0,01
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	82,78 ± 0,04 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1939
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

Maseni broj	76
broj neutrona	44
Relative Atomic Mass	75,921402725 ± 0,000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7,75 ± 0,12
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	1,88 ± 0,08 Zy
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1933
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

Maseni broj	77
broj neutrona	45
Relative Atomic Mass	76,923549843 ± 0,000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	11,211 ± 0,003 h
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
datum otkrića	1939
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

Maseni broj	78
broj neutrona	46
Relative Atomic Mass	77,922852911 ± 0,000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	88 ± 1 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1953
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

Maseni broj	79
broj neutrona	47
Relative Atomic Mass	78,925359506 ± 0,000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	18,98 ± 0,03 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1970
parity

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

Maseni broj	80
broj neutrona	48
Relative Atomic Mass	79,925350773 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	29,5 ± 0,4 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

Maseni broj	81
broj neutrona	49
Relative Atomic Mass	80,928832941 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	9 ± 2 s
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
datum otkrića	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

Maseni broj	82
broj neutrona	50
Relative Atomic Mass	81,929774031 ± 0,000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	4,31 ± 0,19 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

Maseni broj	83
broj neutrona	51
Relative Atomic Mass	82,9345391 ± 0,000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	1,85 ± 0,06 s
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
datum otkrića	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

Maseni broj	84
broj neutrona	52
Relative Atomic Mass	83,93757509 ± 0,000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	951 ± 9 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

Maseni broj	85
broj neutrona	53
Relative Atomic Mass	84,942969658 ± 0,000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	495 ± 5 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
datum otkrića	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

Maseni broj	86
broj neutrona	54
Relative Atomic Mass	85,946967 ± 0,00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	221,6 ± 11 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1994
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

Maseni broj	87
broj neutrona	55
Relative Atomic Mass	86,953204 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	103 ± 4 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
datum otkrića	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

Maseni broj	88
broj neutrona	56
Relative Atomic Mass	87,957574 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	61 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

Maseni broj	89
broj neutrona	57
Relative Atomic Mass	88,96453 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
datum otkrića	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

Maseni broj	90
broj neutrona	58
Relative Atomic Mass	89,969436 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
datum otkrića	2010
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

historija

otkrivač ili izumitelj	Clemens Winkler
mjesto otkrića	Germany
datum otkrića	1886
Etimologija	Latin: Germania (Germany).
pronunciation	jer-MAY-ni-em (engleski)

izvor

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	1,5 mg/kg
natural abundance (okean)	0,00005 mg/L
natural abundance (ljudsko tijelo)
natural abundance (Meteoroidi)	0,0021 %
natural abundance (Sunce)	0,00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0,00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Germanij[um] on ChemicalAid

AAT identifikator	300380222
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3524
BNCF pojmovnik	21205
BNF kod	122010330
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	germanium
CAS broj	7440-56-4
ChEBI ID	30441
ChemSpider ID	4885606
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5031056
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID8052483
Den Store Danske ID	germanium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.331
Elhuyar ZTH ID	024624
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	germanium
French Vikidia ID	Germanium
GND	4135644-5
Golden ID	Germanium-98MM
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0111877
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2354288
HSDB ID	2118
ID na KBpediji	Germanium
InChIKey	GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChl	InChI=1S/Ge
LCCN	sh85054449
MeSH ID	D005857
NDF-RT ID	N0000176163
NKC identifikator	ph927791
Namuwiki ID	저마늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007565426605171
OmegaWiki određeno značenje	159569
OpenAlex ID	C550623735
OpenAlex ID	C2909614401
PSH ID	5798
PubChem ID (CID)	6326954
RxNorm ID	4784
Store norske leksikon ID	germanium
Treccani ID	germanio
UMLS CUI	C0017479
UNII	00072J7XWS
USGS Thesaurus ID	1463
Web NDL autoriteti	00562424
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662695-n
YSO ID	22858
ZVG broj	8270
broj na Freebaseu	/m/025rs3d

Germanij[um] (Ge)

Physical Property

Chemical Property

other

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

historija

izvor

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge