Germanis

Germanis (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32
Atomic Number32
Atomic Weight72.63
mass number74
Group14
Period4
Blockp
protonas32 p+
neutronas42 n0
elektronas32 e-
Animated Boro teorija of Ge (Germanis)

Fizikinė Ypatybė

Atomo Spindulys
molinis tūris
Kovalentinis spindulys
Metallic Radius
ionic radius
Crystal Radius
Van der Waals radius
tankis
Atomic Radii Of The Elements: Germanis0102030405060708090100110120130140150160170180190200210220pmAtomo SpindulysKovalentinis SpindulysMetallic RadiusVan der Waals radius

Chemical Property

energija
proton affinity
electron affinity
ionization energy
ionization energy of Ge (Germanis)
Garavimo šiluma
lydymosi šiluma
standard enthalpy of formation
elektronas
electron shell2, 8, 18, 4
Boro teorija: Ge (Germanis)
Valentinis elektronas4
Lewis structure: Ge (Germanis)
elektronų konfigūracija[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2
Enhanced Boro teorija of Ge (Germanis)
Orbital Diagram of Ge (Germanis)
oksidacijos laipsnis-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Elektroneigiamumas
2.01
Electrophilicity Index
fundamental state of matter
phase of matterSolid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point
Melting Point
critical pressure
critical temperature
triple point
appearance
spalva
Gray
appearancegrayish-white
lūžio rodiklis
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity
thermal expansion
molar heat capacity
Specific Heat Capacity
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
typeSemiconductor
Elektrinis laidumas
electrical resistivity
Superlaidumas
Magnetizmas
typediamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)
−0,0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)
−0,000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)
−0,00000798
magnetic ordering
Curie temperature
Néel temperature
struktūra
Crystal StructureFace Centered Cubic (DIA)
Gardelės konstanta
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
kietis
bulk modulus
shear modulus
Jungo modulis
Puasono santykis
garso greitis
classification
CategoryMetalloids, Metalloids
CAS GroupIVB
IUPAC GroupIVA
Glawe Number84
Mendeleev Number89
Pettifor Number84
Geochemical Class
Goldšmito klasifikacijachalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
allotrope
Neutron cross section
2,2
Neutron Mass Absorption
0,0011
quantum number3P0
space group225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes4
Unstable Isotopes29
Natural Isotopes5
Isotopic Composition7436.52%7436.52%7227.45%7227.45%7020.52%7020.52%737.76%737.76%767.75%767.75%

58Ge

mass number58
neutron number26
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
2p (2-proton emission)

59Ge

mass number59
neutron number27
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
13,3 ± 1,7 ms
Sukinys7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
atradimo data2015
parity-

decay modeIntensyvumas
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)93%
2p (2-proton emission)0.2%

60Ge

mass number60
neutron number28
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
21 ± 6 ms
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data2005
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)100%
2p (2-proton emission)14%

61Ge

mass number61
neutron number29
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
40,7 ± 0,4 ms
Sukinys3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
atradimo data1987
parity-

decay modeIntensyvumas
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)87%

62Ge

mass number62
neutron number30
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
82,5 ± 1,4 ms
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1991
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

63Ge

mass number63
neutron number31
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
153,6 ± 1,1 ms
Sukinys3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
atradimo data1991
parity-

decay modeIntensyvumas
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

64Ge

mass number64
neutron number32
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
63,7 ± 2,5 s
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1972
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

65Ge

mass number65
neutron number33
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
30,9 ± 0,5 s
Sukinys3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
atradimo data1972
parity-

decay modeIntensyvumas
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)0.011%

66Ge

mass number66
neutron number34
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
2,26 ± 0,05 h
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1950
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

67Ge

mass number67
neutron number35
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
18,9 ± 0,3 m
Sukinys1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1950
parity-

decay modeIntensyvumas
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

68Ge

mass number68
neutron number36
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
271,05 ± 0,08 d
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1948
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
ϵ (electron capture)100%

69Ge

mass number69
neutron number37
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0,294 ± 0,0028
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
39,05 ± 0,1 h
Sukinys5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0,114 ± 0,007
atradimo data1938
parity-

decay modeIntensyvumas
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

70Ge

mass number70
neutron number38
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
20,52 ± 0,19
Radioaktyvumasstable isotope
pusėjimo trukmėNot Radioactive ☢️
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1923
parity+

71Ge

mass number71
neutron number39
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
11,43 ± 0,03 d
Sukinys1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1941
parity-

decay modeIntensyvumas
ϵ (electron capture)100%

72Ge

mass number72
neutron number40
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
27,45 ± 0,15
Radioaktyvumasstable isotope
pusėjimo trukmėNot Radioactive ☢️
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1923
parity+

73Ge

mass number73
neutron number41
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
−0,19516444444444 ± 0,000011111111111111
natural abundance
7,76 ± 0,08
Radioaktyvumasstable isotope
pusėjimo trukmėNot Radioactive ☢️
Sukinys9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
−0,196 ± 0,001
atradimo data1933
parity+

74Ge

mass number74
neutron number42
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
36,52 ± 0,12
Radioaktyvumasstable isotope
pusėjimo trukmėNot Radioactive ☢️
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1923
parity+

75Ge

mass number75
neutron number43
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
1,018 ± 0,01
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
82,78 ± 0,04 m
Sukinys1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1939
parity-

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%

76Ge

mass number76
neutron number44
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
7,75 ± 0,12
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
1,88 ± 0,08 Zy
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1933
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
(double β decay)100%

77Ge

mass number77
neutron number45
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
11,211 ± 0,003 h
Sukinys7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
atradimo data1939
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%

78Ge

mass number78
neutron number46
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
88 ± 1 m
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1953
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%

79Ge

mass number79
neutron number47
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
18,98 ± 0,03 s
Sukinys1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1970
parity

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%

80Ge

mass number80
neutron number48
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
29,5 ± 0,4 s
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1972
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%

81Ge

mass number81
neutron number49
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
9 ± 2 s
Sukinys9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
atradimo data1972
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%

82Ge

mass number82
neutron number50
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
4,31 ± 0,19 s
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1972
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%

83Ge

mass number83
neutron number51
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
1,85 ± 0,06 s
Sukinys5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
atradimo data1972
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)

84Ge

mass number84
neutron number52
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
951 ± 9 ms
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1972
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)10.6%

85Ge

mass number85
neutron number53
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
495 ± 5 ms
Sukinys3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
atradimo data1991
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

86Ge

mass number86
neutron number54
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
221,6 ± 11 ms
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1994
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)45%

87Ge

mass number87
neutron number55
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
103 ± 4 ms
Sukinys5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
atradimo data1997
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

88Ge

mass number88
neutron number56
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
61 ± 6 ms
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data1997
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

89Ge

mass number89
neutron number57
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
Sukinys3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
atradimo data1997
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

90Ge

mass number90
neutron number58
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Radioaktyvumas☢️ radioactive element
pusėjimo trukmė
Sukinys0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
atradimo data2010
parity+

decay modeIntensyvumas
β (β decay)
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)
Germanium element

istorija

atradėjas arba išradėjasClemens Winkler
location of discoveryGermany
atradimo data1886
EtimologijaLatin: Germania (Germany).
pronunciationjer-MAY-ni-em (anglų)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust
natural abundance (Vandenynas)
natural abundance (Kūnas)
natural abundance (Meteoroidas)
0,0021 %
natural abundance (Saulė)
0,00002 %
Abundance in Universe
0,00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.7063
2p3.9178
2s8.6352
3d15.7487
3p14.9864
3s14.2103
4p25.2196
4s23.9564