Carbon (C)

Carbon is the 6th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of C and atomic number of 6. It has an atomic weight of 12.011 and a mass number of 12. Carbon has six protons and six neutrons in its nucleus, and six electrons in two shells. It is located in group fourteen, period two and block p of the periodic table. Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.

Atomic Number	6
Atomic Weight	12.011
Mass Number	12

Group	14
Period	2
Block	p

Protons	6 p⁺
Neutrons	6 n⁰
Electrons	6 e^-

Properties

Physical Properties
Atomic Radius	70 pm 190 pm
Molar Volume	5.3 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	75 pm 67 pm 60 pm 77 pm 73 pm
Metallic Radius	86 pm
Ionic Radius	-8 pm 15 pm 16 pm
Crystal Radius	6 pm 29 pm 30 pm
Van der Waals Radius	170 pm 170 pm 389.83 pm 170 pm 204 pm 177 pm 385.1 pm
Density	2.2 g/cm³
Energy
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity	1.262119 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	11.260296 eV/particle 24.3845 eV/particle 47.88778 eV/particle 64.49358 eV/particle 392.0905 eV/particle 489.993177 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion
Heat of Formation	716.87 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 4

Valence Electrons	4

Electron Configuration	[He] 2s² 2p²

Oxidation States	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Electronegativity	15.05 eV/particle 0.224776 2.55
Electrophilicity	1.960493365843406 eV/particle
Phases
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	4,098.15 K
Melting Point	4,762.15 K 4,713.15 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point	4,762.15 K 10,300 kPa
Visual
Carbon is a Black. C has a CPK of #c8c8c8, Jmol of #909090, and MOLCAS GV of #555555. The Refractive Index of Element 6 is 2.417.
Color	Black #c8c8c8 #909090 #555555
Appearance
Refractive Index	2.417
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	1.59 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000071 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	8.517 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.709 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	0.1 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.00001 m Ω
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Type	diamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	-0.0000000062 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	-0.0000000000745 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	-0.000014
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
The Crystal Structure of Carbon is DIA. The lattice constant of C is 3.57 Å. The lattice angles of Element 6 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3.
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal (DIA)
Lattice Constant	3.57 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties
Carbon has a Mohs hardness of 0.5 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of C is 33 GPa. The Speed of Sound of Element 6 is 18350 m/s.
Hardness	0.5 MPa
Bulk Modulus	33 GPa
Shear Modulus
Young Modulus
Poisson Ratio
Speed of Sound	18,350 m/s
Classification
The CAS Group of Carbon is IVB. The IUPAC Group of C is IVA. The Glawe Number of Element 6 is 87. The Mendeleev Number of Carbon (C) is 87. The Pettifor Number of Carbon is 95. The Geochemical Class of C is semi-volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 6 is atmophile.
Category	Other nonmetals, Nonmetals
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	87
Mendeleev Number	87
Pettifor Number	95
Geochemical Class	semi-volatile
Goldschmidt Class	atmophile
Other
The Dipole Polarizability of Carbon is 11.3 plus or minus 0.2 a₀. C has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 46.6 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 47.9 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 6 are Graphite, Diamond, Amorphous Carbon, Lonsdaleite, Fullerene, Carbon Nanotube, Graphene. The Neutron Cross Section of Carbon (C) is 0.0035. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Carbon is 1.5E-5. The Quantum Numbers of C is 3P0. The Space Group of Element 6 is 194 (P63/mmc).
Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability	11.3 ± 0.2 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	46.6 a₀ 47.9 a₀
Allotropes	Graphite, Diamond, Amorphous Carbon, Lonsdaleite, Fullerene, Carbon Nanotube, Graphene
Neutron Cross Section	0.0035
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.000015
Quantum Numbers	3P0
Space Group	194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Carbon

Stable Isotopes	2
Unstable Isotopes	14
Radioactive Isotopes	12

⁸C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	8.037643039 ± 0.000019584 Da
Mass Number	8
G-Factor	0
Half Life	3.5 ± 1.4 zs
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	+

⁸C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2p (2-proton emission)	100%

⁹C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	9.031037202 ± 0.000002293 Da
Mass Number	9
G-Factor	0.9276 ± 0.00033333333333333
Half Life	126.5 ± 0.9 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1964
Parity	-

⁹C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	7.5%
β⁺α (β⁺-delayed α emission)	38.4%

¹⁰C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	10.016853217 ± 0.000000075 Da
Mass Number	10
G-Factor	0
Half Life	19.3011 ± 0.0015 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1949
Parity	+

¹⁰C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹¹C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	11.011432597 ± 0.000000064 Da
Mass Number	11
G-Factor	-0.64266666666667 ± 0.00066666666666667
Half Life	20.3402 ± 0.0053 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.0333 ± 0.0002
Discovery Year	1934
Parity	-

¹¹C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹²C

Abundance	98.94 ± 0.06
Relative Atomic Mass	12 Da
Mass Number	12
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1919
Parity	+

¹³C

Abundance	1.06 ± 0.06
Relative Atomic Mass	13.00335483534 ± 0.00000000025 Da
Mass Number	13
G-Factor	1.404738 ± 0.000008
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1929
Parity	-

¹⁴C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	14.00324198862 ± 0.00000000403 Da
Mass Number	14
G-Factor	0
Half Life	5.7 ± 0.03 ky
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1936
Parity	+

¹⁴C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁵C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	15.010599256 ± 0.000000858 Da
Mass Number	15
G-Factor	3.44 ± 0.018
Half Life	2.449 ± 0.005 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1950
Parity	+

¹⁵C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	16.014701255 ± 0.00000384 Da
Mass Number	16
G-Factor	0
Half Life	750 ± 6 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1961
Parity	+

¹⁶C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	99%

¹⁷C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	17.02257865 ± 0.000018641 Da
Mass Number	17
G-Factor	0.50533333333333 ± 0.0026666666666667
Half Life	193 ± 6 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1968
Parity	+

¹⁷C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	28.4%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

¹⁸C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	18.02675193 ± 0.000032206 Da
Mass Number	18
G-Factor	0
Half Life	92 ± 2 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1969
Parity	+

¹⁸C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	31.5%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

¹⁹C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	19.034797594 ± 0.000105625 Da
Mass Number	19
G-Factor
Half Life	46.2 ± 2.3 ms
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	+

¹⁹C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	47%
2n (2-neutron emission)	7%

²⁰C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	20.040261732 ± 0.000247585 Da
Mass Number	20
G-Factor	0
Half Life	16 ± 3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1981
Parity	+

²⁰C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	70%
2n (2-neutron emission)	18.6%

²¹C

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	21.049 ± 0.00064 Da
Mass Number	21
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	+

²¹C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
n (neutron emission)	%

²²C

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	22.05755399 ± 0.000248515 Da
Mass Number	22
G-Factor	0
Half Life	6.2 ± 1.3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1986
Parity	+

²²C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	61%
2n (2-neutron emission)	37%

²³C

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	23.06889 ± 0.00107 Da
Mass Number	23
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	+

²³C Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
n (neutron emission)	%

History

Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations. In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon; when he burned samples of charcoal and diamond and found that neither produced any water. In 1779, Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that graphite burned to form carbon dioxide and so must be another form of carbon. From the Latin word carbo, charcoal

Discoverers	Known to the ancients
Discovery Location
Discovery Year
Etymology (Name Origin)	Latin: carbo, (charcoal).
Pronunciation	KAR-ben (English)

Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity to humans and can be handled safely in the form of graphite or charcoal

About 20% of the weight of living organisms is carbon

Uses

The major use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil. Graphite is used for pencil tips, high temperature crucibles, dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant. Diamonds are used in jewelry and in industry for cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing. Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink. For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.

Sources

Made by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	200 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	28 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body	23 %
Abundance in Meteor	1.5 %
Abundance in Sun	0.3 %
Abundance in Universe	0.5 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.3273
2	p	2.8642
2	s	2.7834

Carbon on ChemicalAid

Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300264720
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3180
BNCF Thesaurus ID	18855
Biblioteca Nacional de España ID	XX526055
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	11976417k
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	kohlenstoff
CAS Registry Number	7440-44-0
ChEBI ID	33415
ChemSpider ID	4575370
CosIng number	95647
Cultureel Woordenboek ID	natuurkunde-scheikunde-en-sterrenkunde/koolstof
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID407391
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID9027651
Den Store Danske ID	carbon
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.321
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/carbon-chemical-element
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	carbone
English Vikidia ID	Carbon
EuroVoc ID	5261
Freebase ID	/m/025tfgm
French Vikidia ID	Carbone
GND ID	4164538-8
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0088553
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	4214872
ICSC ID	0702
IUPAC Gold Book ID	C00821
InChI	InChI=1S/C
InChIKey	OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Italian Vikidia ID	Carbonio
KBpedia ID	Carbon
KEGG ID	C06265
Klexikon article ID	Kohlenstoff
Krugosvet article	nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/UGLEROD.html
Latvian National Encyclopedia Online ID	113504
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85020090
MeSH descriptor ID	D002244
NDL Authority ID	00572686
NE.se ID	kol
NKCR AUT ID	ph158523
Namuwiki ID	탄소
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007283488605171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	484
OpenAlex ID	C2993252241
PSH ID	5796
Probes And Drugs ID	PD143905
PubChem CID	5462310
Quora topic ID	Carbon-element-1
Quora topic ID	Carbon
Römpp online ID	RD-11-01491
Spanish Cultural Heritage thesauri ID	materias/1106726
Spanish Vikidia ID	Carbono
Store norske leksikon ID	karbon
Treccani ID	carbonio
U.S. National Archives Identifier	10638575
UK Archival Thesaurus ID	f2/mt225/4347/728
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	8964
UNESCO Thesaurus ID	concept4645
USGS Thesaurus ID	1420
Wolfram Language entity code	Entity["Element", "Carbon"]
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14657384-n
YSO ID	138
ZVG number	8040
nLab ID	carbon

Carbon (C)

Properties

Isotopes of Carbon

8C

8C Decay Modes

9C

9C Decay Modes

10C

10C Decay Modes

11C

11C Decay Modes

12C

13C

14C

14C Decay Modes

15C

15C Decay Modes

16C

16C Decay Modes

17C

17C Decay Modes

18C

18C Decay Modes

19C

19C Decay Modes

20C

20C Decay Modes

21C

21C Decay Modes

22C

22C Decay Modes

23C

23C Decay Modes