Atomic Number | 27 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 58.933194 |
Mass Number | 59 |
Group | 9 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 27 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 32 n0 |
Electrons | 27 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 135 pm
|
Molar Volume | 6.7 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 111 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 116 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 58 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 72 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 200 pm
|
Density | 8.86 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 742.7 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 0.66225646 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 7.88101 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 389.1 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 15.48 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 426.7 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 15, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d7 4s2 |
Oxidation States | -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
Electronegativity | 1.88
|
Electrophilicity | 1.2638504937543713 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,200.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,768.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Cobalt is a Gray. Co has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #f090a0, and MOLCAS GV of #f090a0. The Appearance of Element 27 is hard lustrous gray metal. | |
Color | Gray
|
Appearance | hard lustrous gray metal |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 100 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.000013 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 24.81 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.421 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 17 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000006000000000002 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | ferromagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | |
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | 1,394 K
|
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Cobalt is HEX. The lattice constant of Co is 2.51 Å. The lattice angles of Element 27 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 2.51 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Cobalt has a Brinell of 700 MPa, Mohs hardness of 5 MPa, and Vickers of 1043 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Co is 180 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 27 is 75 GPa. The Young Modulus of Cobalt (Co) is 209 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Cobalt is 0.31. The Speed of Sound of Co is 4720 m/s. | |
Hardness | 5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 180 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 75 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 209 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.31
|
Speed of Sound | 4,720 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Cobalt is VIIIA. The IUPAC Group of Co is VIII. The Glawe Number of Element 27 is 70. The Mendeleev Number of Cobalt (Co) is 63. The Pettifor Number of Cobalt is 64. The Geochemical Class of Co is first series transition metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 27 is siderophile. | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | VIIIA |
IUPAC Group | VIII |
Glawe Number | 70 |
Mendeleev Number | 63 |
Pettifor Number | 64 |
Geochemical Class | first series transition metal |
Goldschmidt Class | siderophile |
Other | |
The Gas Basicity of Cobalt is 719.8 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Co is 55 plus or minus 4 a₀. Element 27 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 408 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 461 a₀. The Allotropes of Cobalt (Co) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Cobalt is 37.2. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Co is 0.021. The Quantum Numbers of Element 27 is 4F9/2. The Space Group of Cobalt (Co) is 194 (P63/mmc). | |
Gas Basicity | 719.8 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 408 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 37.2
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.021
|
Quantum Numbers | 4F9/2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 1 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 31 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 28 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 38.8 ± 0.2 ms
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 70.5% |
2p (2-proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 68.8 ± 1.9 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 3.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 111.7 ± 2.1 ms
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 244.6 ± 2.8 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 193.27 ± 0.06 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | 1.3777142857143 ± 0.00085714285714286
|
Half Life | 17.53 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | 0.9625 ± 0.0025
|
Half Life | 77.236 ± 0.026 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.25 ± 0.09
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | 1.3485714285714 ± 0.0028571428571429
|
Half Life | 271.811 ± 0.032 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.54 ± 0.1
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | 2.022 ± 0.004
|
Half Life | 70.844 ± 0.02 d
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.23 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
e+ (positron emission) | 14.79% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 85.21% |
Abundance | 100
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.42 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | 0.7598 ± 0.0016
|
Half Life | 5.2714 ± 0.0006 y
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.46 ± 0.06
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.649 ± 0.005 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.54 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 26.9 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 300 ± 30 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1969 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.16 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 194 ± 17 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 329 ± 28 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 200 ± 20 ms
|
Spin | 7 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 180 ± 20 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 508 ± 7 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1998 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 80 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 51.5 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 4% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 42 ± 0.8 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 6% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 31.3 ± 1.3 ms
|
Spin | 7 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 18% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 26.5 ± 1.2 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 16% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 23 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 8 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 15 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2014 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
3n (3-neutron emission) | % |
Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass, glazes and ceramics. The element was first isolated by Swedish chemist George Brandt in 1735. He showed it was the presence of the element cobalt that caused the blue color in glass, not bismuth as previously thought. From the German word Kobald, goblin or evil spirit; also from the Greek cobalos, mine
Discoverers | George Brandt |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1739 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | German: kobold (goblin). |
Pronunciation | KO-bolt (English) |
Occurs in compounds with arsenic, oxygen and sulfur as in cobaltine (CoAsS) and linneite (Co3S4). Pure cobalt is obtained as a byproduct of refining nickel, copper and iron.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 25 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.00002 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.000002 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0.059 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.0004 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0003 %
|
1 | s | 0.6332 |
2 | p | 3.9076 |
2 | s | 7.595 |
3 | d | 15.1446 |
3 | p | 13.5654 |
3 | s | 12.6777 |
4 | s | 21.4236 |