Einsteinium (Es)
Einsteinium is the 99th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Es and atomic number of 99. It has an atomic weight of (252) and a mass number of 239. Einsteinium has ninety-nine protons and one hundred forty neutrons in its nucleus, and ninety-nine electrons in seven shells. It is located in group Actinides, period seven and block f of the periodic table. Appearance is unknown, however it is most probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es-254 has the longest half-life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es-232 were separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.
| Atomic Number | 99 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 252 |
| Mass Number | 239 |
| Group | |
|---|---|
| Period | 7 |
| Block | f |
| Protons | 99 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 140 n0 |
| Electrons | 99 e- |
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | |
| Ionization Energy | 6.3676 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | |
| Heat of Fusion | |
| Heat of Formation | 133 kJ/mol
|
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 2 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f11 7s2ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 5f11 7s2 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | 2, 3, 4 |
| Electronegativity | |
| Electrophilicity Index | |
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Gas Phase | |
| Boiling Point | |
| Melting Point | 1,133.15 K
|
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Einsteinium is a Colorless. Es has a CPK of #ffffff, Jmol of #b31fd4, and MOLCAS GV of #b31fd4. The Appearance of Element 99 is silver-colored. | |
| Color | Colorless
|
| Appearance | silver-colored |
| Refractive Index | |
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | |
| Specific Heat Capacity | |
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | |
| Electrical Conductivity | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | |
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The lattice angles of Einsteinium is . | |
| Crystal Structure | () |
| Lattice Constant | |
| Lattice Angles | |
| Mechanical Properties | |
| Hardness | |
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Classification | |
The Glawe Number of Einsteinium is 43. The Mendeleev Number of Es is 34. The Pettifor Number of Element 99 is 38. The Goldschmidt Class of Einsteinium (Es) is synthetic. | |
| Category | Actinides, Actinides |
| CAS Group | |
| IUPAC Group | |
| Glawe Number | 43 |
| Mendeleev Number | 34 |
| Pettifor Number | 38 |
| Geochemical Class | |
| Goldschmidt Class | synthetic |
Other
The Dipole Polarizability of Einsteinium is 118 plus or minus 20 a₀. The Allotropes of Es is . The Neutron Cross Section of Element 99 is 160. The Quantum Numbers of Einsteinium (Es) is 5I15/2. The Space Group of Einsteinium is ().
| Gas Basicity | |
|---|---|
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
| Allotropes | |
| Neutron Cross Section | 160
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | |
| Quantum Numbers | 5I15/2 |
| Space Group | () |
Isotopes of Einsteinium
| Stable Isotopes | 0 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 20 |
| Natural Isotopes | 0 |
239Es
| Mass Number | 239 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 140 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | |
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
| SF (spontaneous fission) |
240Es
| Mass Number | 240 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 141 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 6 ± 1.7 s
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2017 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 70% |
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 30% |
| β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.16% |
241Es
| Mass Number | 241 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 142 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.1 ± 0.8 s
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1996 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 100% |
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) |
242Es
| Mass Number | 242 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 143 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 17.8 ± 1.6 s
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1994 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 57% |
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 43% |
| β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.6% |
243Es
| Mass Number | 243 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 144 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 22.1 ± 1.4 s
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1973 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 61% |
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
| SF (spontaneous fission) | 1% |
244Es
| Mass Number | 244 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 145 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 37 ± 4 s
|
| Spin | 6 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1973 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 95% |
| α (α emission) | 5% |
| β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.011% |
245Es
| Mass Number | 245 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 146 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.11 ± 0.06 m
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1967 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 51% |
| α (α emission) | 49% |
246Es
| Mass Number | 246 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 147 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 7.5 ± 0.5 m
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1954 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 90.1% |
| α (α emission) | 9.9% |
| β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.003% |
247Es
| Mass Number | 247 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 148 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 4.55 ± 0.26 m
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1967 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 93% |
| α (α emission) | 7% |
| SF (spontaneous fission) |
248Es
| Mass Number | 248 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 149 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 24 ± 3 m
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1956 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| α (α emission) | 0.25% |
| β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 3.5% |
249Es
| Mass Number | 249 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 150 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 102.2 ± 0.6 m
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1956 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| α (α emission) | 0.57% |
250Es
| Mass Number | 250 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 151 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 8.6 ± 0.1 h
|
| Spin | 6 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1956 |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| α (α emission) |
251Es
| Mass Number | 251 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 152 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 33 ± 1 h
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1956 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| ϵ (electron capture) | 99.5% |
| α (α emission) | 0.5% |
252Es
| Mass Number | 252 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 153 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 471.7 ± 1.9 d
|
| Spin | 4 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1956 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 78% |
| ϵ (electron capture) | 22% |
253Es
| Mass Number | 253 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 154 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.1714285714286 ± 0.02
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 20.47 ± 0.03 d
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 6.7 ± 0.8
|
| Discovery Year | 1954 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 100% |
| SF (spontaneous fission) | 8.7% |
254Es
| Mass Number | 254 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 155 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 275.7 ± 0.5 d
|
| Spin | 7 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1954 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| α (α emission) | 100% |
| ϵ (electron capture) | |
| β− (β− decay) | 1.74% |
| SF (spontaneous fission) | 3% |
255Es
| Mass Number | 255 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 156 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 39.8 ± 1.2 d
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1954 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 92% |
| α (α emission) | 8% |
| SF (spontaneous fission) | 0.0041% |
256Es
| Mass Number | 256 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 157 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 7.6 h
|
| Spin | 7 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1976 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− SF (β−-delayed fission) | 0.002% |
257Es
| Mass Number | 257 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 158 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 7.7 ± 0.2 d
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1987 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| α (α emission) |
258Es
| Mass Number | 258 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 159 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| α (α emission) |
History
Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952. It was identified by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at the University of California, Berkeley in collaboration with the Argonne and Los Alamos National Laboratories, in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test. The new element was produced by the nuclear explosion in miniscule amounts by the addition of 15 neutrons to uranium-238. Named after Albert Einstein
| Discoverers | Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | United States |
| Discovery Year | 1952 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Named in honor of the scientist Albert Einstein. |
| Pronunciation | ine-STINE-i-em (English) |
Einsteinium is harmful due to its radioactivity
Einsteinium is the first divalent metal in the actinide series
Uses
Einsteinium is mainly used for scientific research purposes. The rare isotope einsteinium-254 is favored for production of ultraheavy elements. Einsteinium-254 was used as the calibration marker in the chemical analysis spectrometer of the Surveyor 5 lunar probe. It has no significant commercial applications.
Sources
Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | |
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | |
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
Also Known As
- Es
- element 99
- 99Es
Translations
- Frencheinsteinium
- Spanisheinstenio
- GermanEinsteinium
- Amharicኤይንስቴኒየም
- Arabicأينشتاينيوم
- AzerbaijaniEynşteynium
- BelarusianЭйнштэйній
- Bulgarianайнщайний
- Banglaআইনস্টাইনিয়াম
- Bosnianajnštajnij
- Catalaneinsteini
- CorsicanEinsteiniu
- Czecheinsteinium
- ChuvashЭйнштейни
- WelshEinsteiniwm
- Danisheinsteinium
- Greekαϊνστάνιο
- Esperantoejnŝtejnio
- Estonianeinsteinium
- Basqueeinsteinio
- Persianاینشتینیم
- Finnisheinsteinium
- FriulianEinsteini
- Irishéinstéiniam
- GalicianEinsteinio
- ManxEinsteinium
- Hakka Chineseeinsteinium
- Hebrewאיינשטייניום
- Hindiआइंस्टीनियम
- Fiji HindiEinsteinium
- Croatianajnštajnij
- Haitian CreoleAchtaynyòm
- Hungarianeinsteinium
- Armenianէյնշտեյնիում
- Interlinguaeinsteinium
- Indonesianeinsteinium
- Idoeinsteinio
- Italianeinsteinio
- Japaneseアインスタイニウム
- Lojbanjinmrtainctaini
- JavaneseEinsteinium
- Georgianაინშტაინიუმი
- Kannadaಐನ್ಸ್ಟೈನಿಯಮ್
- Korean아인슈타이늄
- KomiЭйнштейний
- Latineinsteinium
- LuxembourgishEinsteinium
- LigurianEinsteinio
- Lithuanianeinšteinis
- Latvianeinšteinijs
- Malayalamഐൻസ്റ്റീനിയം
- Marathiआइन्स्टाइनियम
- Western MariЭйнштейний
- MalayEinsteinium
- Burmeseအိုင်စ်တိုင်နီယမ်
- Dutcheinsteinium
- Norwegian Nynorskeinsteinium
- Polisheinstein
- Portugueseeinsténio
- QuechuaEinsteinyu
- Romanianeinsteiniu
- Russianэйнштейний
- YakutЭйнштейниум
- Sicilianeinsteiniu
- Serbo-CroatianAjnštajnijum
- Slovakeinsteinium
- Slovenianajnštajnij
- Albanianeinsteiniumi
- Serbianајнштајнијум
- Saterland FrisianEinsteinium
- Swedisheinsteinium
- Tamilஐன்ஸ்டைனியம்
- Thaiไอน์สไตเนียม
- Turkishaynştaynyum
- Uyghurئېينشتېينىي
- Ukrainianейнштейній
- Urduآئنسٹائنیئم
- VepsEinšteinii
- Vietnameseeinsteini
- WarayEinsteinyo
- KalmykЭйнштейниүм
- YorubaEinsteiniom
- Chinese锿
- Norwegian Bokmåleinsteinium
- Western Panjabiآئنسٹائنیئم
- CebuanoEinsteinyo
- Central Kurdishئاینیشتاینۆم
- Macedonianајнштајниум
- BretonEinsteiniom
- KazakhЭйнштейний
- Odiaଆଇନ୍ଷ୍ଟାଇନିଅମ
- Gujaratiઆઇન્સ્ટેનીયમ
- Occitaneinsteinium
- PiedmonteseEinsteni
- TatarЭйнштейний
- Newariआइन्स्टाइनियम
- Cantonese鑀
- Min Nan ChineseEinsteinium
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)Айнштайн
- Chinese (China)锿
- Chinese (Simplified)锿
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)鑀
- Chinese (Taiwan)鑀
- Chinese (Traditional)鑀
- AromanianEinsteiniu
- UzbekEynshteyniy
- KyrgyzЭйнштейний
- Nepaliआइन्स्टाइनियम
- Sanskritआइन्स्टाइनियम
- Malteseenstejnju
- Teluguఐన్స్టయినియం
- Paliआइन्स्टाइनियम
- Scottish GaelicEinsteinium
- Portuguese (Brazil)einstênio
- Bhojpuriआइंस्टाइनियम
- LimburgishEinsteinium
- cdoEinsteinium
- VenetianEinsteinio
- AsturianEinsteniu
- FaroeseEinsteinium
- English (United Kingdom)einsteinium
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)鑀
- Chinese (Malaysia)锿
- Chinese (Singapore)锿
- Lingua Franca Novaainstainio
- TagalogEinsteinyo
- AfrikaansEinsteinium
- kbpAyɩnstayɩnɩyɔm
- Northern FrisianEinsteinium
- Volapüklänstänin
- oloEinštenii
- Literary Chinese鎄
- TajikЭйнштейний
- Mongolianэйнштейни
- Wu Chinese锿
- SardinianEinstèiniu
- SwahiliEinsteini
- Moroccan Arabicآينشتاينيوم
- Egyptian Arabicاينشتاينيوم
- Pashtoآينسټېنيوم
- CornishEinsteiniom
- BalineseÉinsteinium
- BikolEinsteinyo
- ZuluIsEntshenye
