Atomic Number | 32 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 72.63 |
Mass Number | 74 |
Group | 14 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | p |
Protons | 32 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 42 n0 |
Electrons | 32 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 125 pm
|
Molar Volume | 13.6 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 121 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 124 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 73 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 87 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 211 pm
|
Density | 5.3234 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 1.232712 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 7.899435 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 328 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 36.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 372 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 4 |
Valence Electrons | 4 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 |
Oxidation States | -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Electronegativity | 2.01
|
Electrophilicity | 1.5636638275958255 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,106.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,211.4 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | 9,802.15 K
|
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Germanium is a Gray. Ge has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #668f8f, and MOLCAS GV of #668f8f. The Appearance of Element 32 is grayish-white. | |
Color | Gray
|
Appearance | grayish-white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 60.2 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.000006 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 23.222 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.32 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Semiconductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 0.002 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0005 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000015 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000109 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.00000798
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Germanium is DIA. The lattice constant of Ge is 5.66 Å. The lattice angles of Element 32 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (DIA) |
Lattice Constant | 5.66 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Germanium has a Mohs hardness of 6 MPa. The Speed of Sound of Ge is 5400 m/s. | |
Hardness |
6 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 5,400 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Germanium is IVB. The IUPAC Group of Ge is IVA. The Glawe Number of Element 32 is 84. The Mendeleev Number of Germanium (Ge) is 89. The Pettifor Number of Germanium is 84. The Goldschmidt Class of Ge is chalcophile. | |
Category | Metalloids, Metalloids |
CAS Group | IVB |
IUPAC Group | IVA |
Glawe Number | 84 |
Mendeleev Number | 89 |
Pettifor Number | 84 |
Geochemical Class | |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other | |
The Dipole Polarizability of Germanium is 40 plus or minus 1 a₀. Ge has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 354 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 365 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 32 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Germanium (Ge) is 2.2. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Germanium is 0.0011. The Quantum Numbers of Ge is 3P0. The Space Group of Element 32 is 225 (Fm_3m). | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 354 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 2.2
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0011
|
Quantum Numbers | 3P0 |
Space Group | 225 (Fm_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 5 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 28 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 28 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 13.3 ± 1.7 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2015 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 93% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 0.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 21 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2005 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 100% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 14% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 40.7 ± 0.4 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 87% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 82.5 ± 1.4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 153.6 ± 1.1 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 63.7 ± 2.5 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 30.9 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.011% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.26 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 18.9 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 271.05 ± 0.08 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | 0.294 ± 0.0028
|
Half Life | 39.05 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.114 ± 0.007
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 20.52 ± 0.19
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11.43 ± 0.03 d
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 27.45 ± 0.15
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 7.76 ± 0.08
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | -0.19516444444444 ± 0.000011111111111111
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.196 ± 0.001
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 36.52 ± 0.12
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | 1.018 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 82.78 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 7.75 ± 0.12
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.88 ± 0.08 Zy
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1933 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11.211 ± 0.003 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 88 ± 1 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 18.98 ± 0.03 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 29.5 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 9 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.31 ± 0.19 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.85 ± 0.06 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 951 ± 9 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 10.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 495 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 17.2% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 221.6 ± 11 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 45% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 87 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 103 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 88 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 61 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 89 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 90 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon. In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite. The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955. From the Latin word Germania, Germany
Discoverers | Clemens Winkler |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Germany |
Discovery Year | 1886 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: Germania (Germany). |
Pronunciation | jer-MAY-ni-em (English) |
1 | s | 0.7063 |
2 | p | 3.9178 |
2 | s | 8.6352 |
3 | d | 15.7487 |
3 | p | 14.9864 |
3 | s | 14.2103 |
4 | p | 25.2196 |
4 | s | 23.9564 |