Atomic Number | 31 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 69.723 |
Mass Number | 69 |
Group | 13 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | p |
Protons | 31 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 38 n0 |
Electrons | 31 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 130 pm
|
Molar Volume | 11.8 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 124 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 125 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 47 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 61 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 187 pm
|
Density | 5.91 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.43 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 5.9993018 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 270.3 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 5.59 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 271.96 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 3 |
Valence Electrons | 3 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 |
Oxidation States | -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | 1.81
|
Electrophilicity | 0.927762651403701 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 2,502.15 K
|
Melting Point | 302.9146 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | 302.9166 K
|
Visual | |
Gallium is a Silver. Ga has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #c28f8f, and MOLCAS GV of #c28f8f. The Appearance of Element 31 is silver-white. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silver-white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 28.1 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.00012 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 26.03 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.373 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 7.1 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000014 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 1.083 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.000000003 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000209 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000177
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Gallium is ORC. The lattice constant of Ga is 4.51 Å. The lattice angles of Element 31 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Base Centered Orthorhombic (ORC) |
Lattice Constant | 4.51 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Gallium has a Brinell of 60 MPa, and Mohs hardness of 1.5 MPa. The Speed of Sound of Ga is 2740 m/s. | |
Hardness | 1.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 2,740 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Gallium is IIIB. The IUPAC Group of Ga is IIIA. The Glawe Number of Element 31 is 79. The Mendeleev Number of Gallium (Ga) is 83. The Pettifor Number of Gallium is 81. The Goldschmidt Class of Ga is chalcophile. | |
Category | Post-transition metals, Poor metals |
CAS Group | IIIB |
IUPAC Group | IIIA |
Glawe Number | 79 |
Mendeleev Number | 83 |
Pettifor Number | 81 |
Geochemical Class | |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other | |
The Dipole Polarizability of Gallium is 50 plus or minus 3 a₀. Ga has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 498 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 456 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 31 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Gallium (Ga) is 2.9. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Gallium is 0.0015. The Quantum Numbers of Ga is 2P1/2. The Space Group of Element 31 is 64 (Cmca). | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 498 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 2.9
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0015
|
Quantum Numbers | 2P1/2 |
Space Group | 64 (Cmca) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 31 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 26 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 72.4 ± 1.7 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 1.6% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.023% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 165.9 ± 2.5 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.25% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 116.122 ± 0.021 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | 0.097866666666667 ± 0.00033333333333333
|
Half Life | 32.4 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.212 ± 0.014
|
Discovery Year | 1965 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.627 ± 0.012 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | 1.182 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 15.133 ± 0.028 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.21 ± 0.015
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 9.304 ± 0.008 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | 1.2329333333333 ± 0.00033333333333333
|
Half Life | 3.2617 ± 0.0004 d
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.197 ± 0.002
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | 0.01174 ± 0.00007
|
Half Life | 67.842 ± 0.016 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.0277 ± 0.0014
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 60.108 ± 0.05
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | 1.3433466666667 ± 0.00004
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.171 ± 0.002
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | 0.571 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 21.14 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.105 ± 0.007
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 99.59% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 0.41% |
Abundance | 39.892 ± 0.05
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | 1.7068866666667 ± 0.00006
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.107 ± 0.001
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | -0.044046666666667 ± 0.0000066666666666667
|
Half Life | 14.025 ± 0.01 h
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.53 ± 0.006
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | 0.13933333333333 ± 0.0013333333333333
|
Half Life | 4.86 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | 0 ± 0.026666666666667
|
Half Life | 8.12 ± 0.12 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.55 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | 1.2233333333333 ± 0.0026666666666667
|
Half Life | 126 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.285 ± 0.017
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | -0.4725 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 30.6 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.33 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | 1.3453333333333 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 13.2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.208 ± 0.013
|
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | -0.607 ± 0.0025
|
Half Life | 5.09 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.33 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | 0.69733333333333 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 2.848 ± 0.003 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.158 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.089% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | 0.006 ± 0.00066666666666667
|
Half Life | 1.9 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.38 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.86% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | 0.6984 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 1.217 ± 0.005 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.048 ± 0.008
|
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 12.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 600 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 21.2% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 310 ± 0.7 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 85% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 97.6 ± 1.2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 43% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 1.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 95.3 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 77% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 1.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 49 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 69% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 16.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 87 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 29 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 81% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 10.2% |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 88 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
In 1871, existence of gallium was first predicted by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and called the element eka-aluminum. Gallium was discovered spectroscopically by French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 by its characteristic spectrum in an examination of a sphalerite sample. Later that year, Lecoq obtained the free metal by electrolysis of its hydroxide in potassium hydroxide solution. From the Latin word Gallia, France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of Lecoq, a cock
Discoverers | Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
---|---|
Discovery Location | France |
Discovery Year | 1875 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: Gallia (France). |
Pronunciation | GAL-i-em (English) |
1 | s | 0.6906 |
2 | p | 3.9092 |
2 | s | 8.401 |
3 | d | 15.9067 |
3 | p | 14.7964 |
3 | s | 14.0038 |
4 | p | 24.7784 |
4 | s | 23.9332 |