Atomic Number | 31 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 69.723 |
Mass Number | 69 |
Group | 13 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | p |
Protons | 31 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 38 n0 |
Electrons | 31 e- |
Atomic Radius | 130 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 11.8 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 124 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 125 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 47 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 61 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 187 pm
|
Density | 5.91 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.43 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 5.9993018 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 270.3 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 5.59 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 271.96 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 3 |
Valence Electrons | 3 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 |
Oxidation States | -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | 1.81
|
Electrophilicity | 0.927762651403701 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 2,502.15 K
|
Melting Point | 302.9146 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | 302.9166 K
|
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silver-white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 28.1 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.00012 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 26.03 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.373 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 7.1 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000014 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 1.083 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.000000003 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000209 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000177
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Base Centered Orthorhombic (ORC) |
Lattice Constant | 4.51 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 1.5 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 2,740 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Post-transition metals, Poor metals |
CAS Group | IIIB |
IUPAC Group | IIIA |
Glawe Number | 79 |
Mendeleev Number | 83 |
Pettifor Number | 81 |
Geochemical Class | |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 498 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 2.9
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0015
|
Quantum Numbers | 2P1/2 |
Space Group | 64 (Cmca) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 31 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 26 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 72.4 ± 1.7 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 1.6% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.023% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 165.9 ± 2.5 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.25% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 116.122 ± 0.021 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | 0.097866666666667 ± 0.00033333333333333
|
Half Life | 32.4 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.212 ± 0.014
|
Discovery Year | 1965 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.627 ± 0.012 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | 1.182 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 15.133 ± 0.028 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.21 ± 0.015
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 9.304 ± 0.008 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | 1.2329333333333 ± 0.00033333333333333
|
Half Life | 3.2617 ± 0.0004 d
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.197 ± 0.002
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | 0.01174 ± 0.00007
|
Half Life | 67.842 ± 0.016 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.0277 ± 0.0014
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 60.108 ± 0.05
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | 1.3433466666667 ± 0.00004
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.171 ± 0.002
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | 0.571 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 21.14 ± 0.05 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.105 ± 0.007
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 99.59% |
ϵ (electron capture) | 0.41% |
Abundance | 39.892 ± 0.05
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | 1.7068866666667 ± 0.00006
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.107 ± 0.001
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | -0.044046666666667 ± 0.0000066666666666667
|
Half Life | 14.025 ± 0.01 h
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.53 ± 0.006
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | 0.13933333333333 ± 0.0013333333333333
|
Half Life | 4.86 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | 0 ± 0.026666666666667
|
Half Life | 8.12 ± 0.12 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.55 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | 1.2233333333333 ± 0.0026666666666667
|
Half Life | 126 ± 2 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.285 ± 0.017
|
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | -0.4725 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 30.6 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.33 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | 1.3453333333333 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 13.2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.208 ± 0.013
|
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | -0.607 ± 0.0025
|
Half Life | 5.09 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.33 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1972 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | 0.69733333333333 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 2.848 ± 0.003 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.158 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.089% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | 0.006 ± 0.00066666666666667
|
Half Life | 1.9 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.38 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 0.86% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | 0.6984 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 1.217 ± 0.005 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.048 ± 0.008
|
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 12.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 600 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 21.2% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 310 ± 0.7 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 85% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 97.6 ± 1.2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1991 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 43% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 1.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 95.3 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 77% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 1.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 49 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 69% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 16.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 87 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 29 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 81% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | 10.2% |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 88 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
In 1871, existence of gallium was first predicted by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and called the element eka-aluminum. Gallium was discovered spectroscopically by French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 by its characteristic spectrum in an examination of a sphalerite sample. Later that year, Lecoq obtained the free metal by electrolysis of its hydroxide in potassium hydroxide solution. From the Latin word Gallia, France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of Lecoq, a cock
Discoverers | Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
---|---|
Discovery Location | France |
Discovery Year | 1875 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: Gallia (France). |
Pronunciation | GAL-i-em (English) |
1 | s | 0.6906 |
2 | p | 3.9092 |
2 | s | 8.401 |
3 | d | 15.9067 |
3 | p | 14.7964 |
3 | s | 14.0038 |
4 | p | 24.7784 |
4 | s | 23.9332 |