Gallium (Ga)

Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga-69 and Ga-71. Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half-lives. Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875.

Atomic Number	31
Atomic Weight	69.723
Mass Number	69

Group	13
Period	4
Block	p

Protons	31 p⁺
Neutrons	38 n⁰
Electrons	31 e^-

Properties

Energy
Atomic Radius	130 pm 233 pm
Molar Volume	11.8 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	124 pm 117 pm 121 pm 122 pm
Metallic Radius	125 pm 140 pm
Ionic Radius	47 pm 55 pm 62 pm
Crystal Radius	61 pm 69 pm 76 pm
Van der Waals Radius	210 pm 187 pm 439 pm 187 pm 246 pm 438.3 pm
Density	5.91 g/cm³ 6,095 kg/m³
Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity	0.43 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	5.9993018 eV/particle 20.51514 eV/particle 30.726 eV/particle 63.241 eV/particle 86.01 eV/particle 112.7 eV/particle 140.8 eV/particle 170 eV/particle 211 eV/particle 244 eV/particle 280 eV/particle 319 eV/particle 356 eV/particle 471.2 eV/particle 508.82 eV/particle 548.31 eV/particle 599.8 eV/particle 640 eV/particle 677 eV/particle 765.7 eV/particle 807.308 eV/particle 2,010 eV/particle 2,129 eV/particle 2,258 eV/particle 2,391 eV/particle 2,543.9 eV/particle 2,683 eV/particle 2,868 eV/particle 2,984.426 eV/particle 12,696.5569 eV/particle 13,239.488 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	270.3 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	5.59 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	271.96 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 8, 18, 3

Valence Electrons	3

Electron Configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p¹

Oxidation States	-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
Electronegativity	10.39 eV/particle 0.1723773 1.81
Electrophilicity	0.927762651403701 eV/particle
Phases
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	2,502.15 K
Melting Point	302.9146 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point	302.9166 K
Visual
Color	Silver #ff1493 #c28f8f #c28f8f
Appearance	silver-white
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	28.1 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.00012 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	26.03 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.373 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	7.1 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.00000014 m Ω
Superconducting Point	1.083 K
Magnetism
Type	diamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	-0.000000003 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	-0.000000000209 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	-0.0000177
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
Crystal Structure	Base Centered Orthorhombic (ORC)
Lattice Constant	4.51 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties
Hardness	60 MPa 1.5 MPa
Bulk Modulus
Shear Modulus
Young Modulus
Poisson Ratio
Speed of Sound	2,740 m/s
Classification
Category	Post-transition metals, Poor metals
CAS Group	IIIB
IUPAC Group	IIIA
Glawe Number	79
Mendeleev Number	83
Pettifor Number	81
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt Class	chalcophile
Other
Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability	50 ± 3 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	498 a₀ 456 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	2.9
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0015
Quantum Numbers	2P1/2
Space Group	64 (Cmca)

Isotopes of Gallium

Stable Isotopes	2
Unstable Isotopes	31
Radioactive Isotopes	26

⁵⁶Ga

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	55.995878 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	56
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	+

⁵⁶Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁵⁷Ga

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	56.983457 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	57
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	-

⁵⁷Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁵⁸Ga

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	57.974729 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	58
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	+

⁵⁸Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁵⁹Ga

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	58.963757 ± 0.000183 Da
Mass Number	59
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	-

⁵⁹Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁶⁰Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	59.957498 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	60
G-Factor
Half Life	72.4 ± 1.7 ms
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1995
Parity	+

⁶⁰Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	1.6%
β⁺α (β⁺-delayed α emission)	0.023%

⁶¹Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	60.949398861 ± 0.000040787 Da
Mass Number	61
G-Factor
Half Life	165.9 ± 2.5 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1987
Parity	-

⁶¹Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.25%

⁶²Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	61.944189639 ± 0.000000684 Da
Mass Number	62
G-Factor	0
Half Life	116.122 ± 0.021 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1978
Parity	+

⁶²Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶³Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	62.939294194 ± 0.0000014 Da
Mass Number	63
G-Factor	0.097866666666667 ± 0.00033333333333333
Half Life	32.4 ± 0.5 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.212 ± 0.014
Discovery Year	1965
Parity	-

⁶³Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁴Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	63.936840366 ± 0.000001533 Da
Mass Number	64
G-Factor	0
Half Life	2.627 ± 0.012 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1953
Parity

⁶⁴Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	64.932734424 ± 0.000000849 Da
Mass Number	65
G-Factor	1.182 ± 0.002
Half Life	15.133 ± 0.028 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.21 ± 0.015
Discovery Year	1938
Parity	-

⁶⁵Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁶Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	65.931589766 ± 0.000001172 Da
Mass Number	66
G-Factor	0
Half Life	9.304 ± 0.008 h
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	+

⁶⁶Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	66.928202276 ± 0.000001262 Da
Mass Number	67
G-Factor	1.2329333333333 ± 0.00033333333333333
Half Life	3.2617 ± 0.0004 d
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.197 ± 0.002
Discovery Year	1938
Parity	-

⁶⁷Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁸Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	67.927980161 ± 0.000001535 Da
Mass Number	68
G-Factor	0.01174 ± 0.00007
Half Life	67.842 ± 0.016 m
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment	-0.0277 ± 0.0014
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	+

⁶⁸Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁹Ga

Abundance	60.108 ± 0.05
Relative Atomic Mass	68.925573528 ± 0.000001285 Da
Mass Number	69
G-Factor	1.3433466666667 ± 0.00004
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.171 ± 0.002
Discovery Year	1923
Parity	-

⁷⁰Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	69.926021914 ± 0.000001289 Da
Mass Number	70
G-Factor	0.571 ± 0.002
Half Life	21.14 ± 0.05 m
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment	0.105 ± 0.007
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	+

⁷⁰Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	99.59%
ϵ (electron capture)	0.41%

⁷¹Ga

Abundance	39.892 ± 0.05
Relative Atomic Mass	70.924702554 ± 0.00000087 Da
Mass Number	71
G-Factor	1.7068866666667 ± 0.00006
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.107 ± 0.001
Discovery Year	1923
Parity	-

⁷²Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	71.926367452 ± 0.000000878 Da
Mass Number	72
G-Factor	-0.044046666666667 ± 0.0000066666666666667
Half Life	14.025 ± 0.01 h
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment	0.53 ± 0.006
Discovery Year	1939
Parity	-

⁷²Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷³Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	72.92517468 ± 0.0000018 Da
Mass Number	73
G-Factor	0.13933333333333 ± 0.0013333333333333
Half Life	4.86 ± 0.03 h
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1949
Parity	-

⁷³Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁴Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	73.926945725 ± 0.000003214 Da
Mass Number	74
G-Factor	0 ± 0.026666666666667
Half Life	8.12 ± 0.12 m
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment	0.55 ± 0.04
Discovery Year	1956
Parity	-

⁷⁴Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁵Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	74.926504484 ± 0.00000072 Da
Mass Number	75
G-Factor	1.2233333333333 ± 0.0026666666666667
Half Life	126 ± 2 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.285 ± 0.017
Discovery Year	1960
Parity	-

⁷⁵Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	75.928827624 ± 0.0000021 Da
Mass Number	76
G-Factor	-0.4725 ± 0.002
Half Life	30.6 ± 0.6 s
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment	0.33 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1961
Parity	-

⁷⁶Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	76.929154299 ± 0.0000026 Da
Mass Number	77
G-Factor	1.3453333333333 ± 0.002
Half Life	13.2 ± 0.2 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.208 ± 0.013
Discovery Year	1968
Parity	-

⁷⁷Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	77.931610854 ± 0.000001127 Da
Mass Number	78
G-Factor	-0.607 ± 0.0025
Half Life	5.09 ± 0.05 s
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment	0.33 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1972
Parity	-

⁷⁸Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	78.932851582 ± 0.000001296 Da
Mass Number	79
G-Factor	0.69733333333333 ± 0.002
Half Life	2.848 ± 0.003 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.158 ± 0.01
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	-

⁷⁹Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	0.089%

⁸⁰Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	79.936420773 ± 0.000003103 Da
Mass Number	80
G-Factor	0.006 ± 0.00066666666666667
Half Life	1.9 ± 0.1 s
Spin	6
Quadrupole Moment	0.38 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	-

⁸⁰Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	0.86%

⁸¹Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	80.938133841 ± 0.000003503 Da
Mass Number	81
G-Factor	0.6984 ± 0.002
Half Life	1.217 ± 0.005 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.048 ± 0.008
Discovery Year	1976
Parity	-

⁸¹Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	12.5%

⁸²Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	81.943176531 ± 0.000002604 Da
Mass Number	82
G-Factor
Half Life	600 ± 2 ms
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1976
Parity	-

⁸²Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	21.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁸³Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	82.9471203 ± 0.000002804 Da
Mass Number	83
G-Factor
Half Life	310 ± 0.7 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1976
Parity	-

⁸³Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	85%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁸⁴Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	83.952663 ± 0.000032 Da
Mass Number	84
G-Factor	0
Half Life	97.6 ± 1.2 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1991
Parity	-

⁸⁴Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	43%
2n (2-neutron emission)	1.6%

⁸⁵Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	84.957333 ± 0.00004 Da
Mass Number	85
G-Factor
Half Life	95.3 ± 1 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	-

⁸⁵Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	77%
2n (2-neutron emission)	1.3%

⁸⁶Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	85.963757 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	86
G-Factor
Half Life	49 ± 2 ms
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity

⁸⁶Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	69%
2n (2-neutron emission)	16.2%

⁸⁷Ga

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	86.969007 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	87
G-Factor
Half Life	29 ± 4 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity	-

⁸⁷Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	81%
2n (2-neutron emission)	10.2%

⁸⁸Ga

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	87.975963 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	88
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity

⁸⁸Ga Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

History

In 1871, existence of gallium was first predicted by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and called the element eka-aluminum. Gallium was discovered spectroscopically by French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 by its characteristic spectrum in an examination of a sphalerite sample. Later that year, Lecoq obtained the free metal by electrolysis of its hydroxide in potassium hydroxide solution. From the Latin word Gallia, France; also from Latin, gallus, a translation of Lecoq, a cock

Discoverers	Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Discovery Location	France
Discovery Year	1875
Etymology (Name Origin)	Latin: Gallia (France).
Pronunciation	GAL-i-em (English)

Gallium is considered to be non-toxic

Gallium has a strong tendency to supercool below its melting point / freezing point

Uses

Gallium wets glass or porcelain and forms a brilliant mirror when it is painted on glass. It is widely used in doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors. Low melting gallium alloys are used in some medical thermometers as non-toxic substitutes for mercury. Gallium arsenide is capable of converting electricity directly into coherent light. Used in semiconductor production. It us used in making LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes.

Sources

Found throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	19 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	0.00003 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body
Abundance in Meteor	0.00076 %
Abundance in Sun	0.000004 %
Abundance in Universe	0.000001 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.6906
2	p	3.9092
2	s	8.401
3	d	15.9067
3	p	14.7964
3	s	14.0038
4	p	24.7784
4	s	23.9332

Gallium on ChemicalAid

Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3523
BNCF Thesaurus ID	69456
Biblioteca Nacional de España ID	XX536285
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	11955437j
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	gallium
CAB ID	164018
CAS Registry Number	7440-55-3
CPV Supplementary	AA29
ChEBI ID	49631
ChemSpider ID	4514603
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5047661
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID8064696
Den Store Danske ID	gallium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.330
Encyclopedia of China Online Database ID (Second Edition)	210921
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/gallium
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	gallium
Freebase ID	/m/025rs35
French Vikidia ID	Gallium
GND ID	4155859-5
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2341876
HSDB ID	6956
InChI	InChI=1S/Ga
InChIKey	GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Gallium
LNB ID	000302873
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85052848
MeSH descriptor ID	D005708
NALT ID	42220
NE.se ID	gallium
NKCR AUT ID	ph301361
National Diet Library ID	00562254
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007558076805171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	159177
OpenAlex ID	C550372918
PACTOLS thesaurus ID	pcrtp0jS51rXL1
PSH ID	5793
PubChem CID	5360835
Quora topic ID	Gallium
RxNorm ID	1310124
Römpp online ID	RD-07-00102
Spanish Vikidia ID	Galio
Store norske leksikon ID	gallium
Treccani ID	gallio
UNII	CH46OC8YV4
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662434-n
YSO ID	28650
ZVG number	8260

Gallium (Ga)

Properties

Isotopes of Gallium

56Ga

56Ga Decay Modes

57Ga

57Ga Decay Modes

58Ga

58Ga Decay Modes

59Ga

59Ga Decay Modes

60Ga

60Ga Decay Modes

61Ga

61Ga Decay Modes

62Ga

62Ga Decay Modes

63Ga

63Ga Decay Modes

64Ga

64Ga Decay Modes

65Ga

65Ga Decay Modes

66Ga

66Ga Decay Modes

67Ga

67Ga Decay Modes

68Ga

68Ga Decay Modes

69Ga

70Ga

70Ga Decay Modes

71Ga

72Ga

72Ga Decay Modes

73Ga

73Ga Decay Modes

74Ga

74Ga Decay Modes

75Ga

75Ga Decay Modes

76Ga

76Ga Decay Modes

77Ga

77Ga Decay Modes

78Ga

78Ga Decay Modes

79Ga

79Ga Decay Modes

80Ga

80Ga Decay Modes

81Ga

81Ga Decay Modes

82Ga

82Ga Decay Modes

83Ga

83Ga Decay Modes

84Ga

84Ga Decay Modes

85Ga

85Ga Decay Modes

86Ga

86Ga Decay Modes

87Ga

87Ga Decay Modes

88Ga

88Ga Decay Modes