Germanium (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32

Atomic Number	32
Atomic Weight	72.63
Massagetal	74

Group	14
Period	4
Block	p

proton	32 p⁺
neutron	42 n⁰
elektron	32 e^-

Physical Property

Atoomradius	125 pm 234 pm
molar volume	13,6 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
Ioonradius	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
density	5,3234 g/cm³ 5 600 kg/m³

Chemical Property

{ERROR}

energie

proton affinity
electron affinity	1,232712 eV/particle
ionization energy	7,899435 eV/particle 15,93461 eV/particle 34,0576 eV/particle 45,715 eV/particle 90,5 eV/particle 115,9 eV/particle 144,9 eV/particle 176,4 eV/particle 212,5 eV/particle 252,1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527,9 eV/particle 567,29 eV/particle 609,06 eV/particle 662,8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837,1 eV/particle 880,444 eV/particle 2 180,1 eV/particle 2 304 eV/particle 2 439 eV/particle 2 575 eV/particle 2 737,2 eV/particle 2 881,9 eV/particle 3 074 eV/particle 3 194,293 eV/particle 13 557,4202 eV/particle 14 119,429 eV/particle

Verdampingswarmte	328 kJ/mol
smeltingswarmte	36,8 kJ/mol
Vormingsentalpie	372 kJ/mol
elektron

Elektronskil	2, 8, 18, 4

Valenselektrone	4 ⓘ

elektronkonfigurasie	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Oksidasietoestand	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Elektronegatiwiteit	11,8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1,5636638275958255 eV/particle
fundamental state of matter

phase of matter
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	3 106,15 K
Melting Point	1 211,4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature	9 802,15 K
triple point
appearance
kleur	Black #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
appearance	grayish-white
Brekingsindeks
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity	60,2 W/(m K)
thermal expansion	0,000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23,222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0,32 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Semiconductor
Geleidingsvermoë	0,002 MS/m
Elektriese resistiwiteit	0,0005 Ω*m
superconductivity
Magnetisme
type	diamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	-0,0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	-0,000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	-0,00000798
magnetic ordering
Curie temperature
Néel temperature
structure
Crystal Structure	{ERROR}
lattice constant	5,66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hardness	6 MPa
Massamodulus
Skuifmodulus
Young se modulus
Poisson se verhouding
Spoed van klank	5 400 m/s
classification
Category	Actinides, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classification	chalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	2,2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0,0011
quantum number	3P0
Ruimtegroep	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

Massagetal	58
neutron number	26
Relative Atomic Mass	57,991863 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

Massagetal	59
neutron number	27
Relative Atomic Mass	58,982426 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	13,3 ± 1,7 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	2015
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

Massagetal	60
neutron number	28
Relative Atomic Mass	59,970445 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	21 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	2005
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

Massagetal	61
neutron number	29
Relative Atomic Mass	60,963725 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	40,7 ± 0,4 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1987
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

Massagetal	62
neutron number	30
Relative Atomic Mass	61,954761 ± 0,00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	82,5 ± 1,4 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

Massagetal	63
neutron number	31
Relative Atomic Mass	62,949628 ± 0,00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	153,6 ± 1,1 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1991
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

Massagetal	64
neutron number	32
Relative Atomic Mass	63,941689912 ± 0,000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	63,7 ± 2,5 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

Massagetal	65
neutron number	33
Relative Atomic Mass	64,939368136 ± 0,000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	30,9 ± 0,5 s
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1972
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

Massagetal	66
neutron number	34
Relative Atomic Mass	65,933862124 ± 0,000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	2,26 ± 0,05 h
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1950
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

Massagetal	67
neutron number	35
Relative Atomic Mass	66,932716999 ± 0,000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	18,9 ± 0,3 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1950
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

Massagetal	68
neutron number	36
Relative Atomic Mass	67,928095305 ± 0,000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	271,05 ± 0,08 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1948
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

Massagetal	69
neutron number	37
Relative Atomic Mass	68,927964467 ± 0,000001414 Da
g-factor	0,294 ± 0,0028
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	39,05 ± 0,1 h
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0,114 ± 0,007
ontdekkingsdatum	1938
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

Massagetal	70
neutron number	38
Relative Atomic Mass	69,924248542 ± 0,00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20,52 ± 0,19
radioaktiwiteit	Stabiele isotoop
Halfleeftyd	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1923
parity	+

⁷¹Ge

Massagetal	71
neutron number	39
Relative Atomic Mass	70,92495212 ± 0,000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	11,43 ± 0,03 d
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1941
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

Massagetal	72
neutron number	40
Relative Atomic Mass	71,922075824 ± 0,000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27,45 ± 0,15
radioaktiwiteit	Stabiele isotoop
Halfleeftyd	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1923
parity	+

⁷³Ge

Massagetal	73
neutron number	41
Relative Atomic Mass	72,923458954 ± 0,000000061 Da
g-factor	-0,19516444444444 ± 0,000011111111111111
natural abundance	7,76 ± 0,08
radioaktiwiteit	Stabiele isotoop
Halfleeftyd	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	-0,196 ± 0,001
ontdekkingsdatum	1933
parity	+

⁷⁴Ge

Massagetal	74
neutron number	42
Relative Atomic Mass	73,92117776 ± 0,000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36,52 ± 0,12
radioaktiwiteit	Stabiele isotoop
Halfleeftyd	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1923
parity	+

⁷⁵Ge

Massagetal	75
neutron number	43
Relative Atomic Mass	74,92285837 ± 0,000000055 Da
g-factor	1,018 ± 0,01
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	82,78 ± 0,04 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1939
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

Massagetal	76
neutron number	44
Relative Atomic Mass	75,921402725 ± 0,000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7,75 ± 0,12
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	1,88 ± 0,08 Zy
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1933
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

Massagetal	77
neutron number	45
Relative Atomic Mass	76,923549843 ± 0,000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	11,211 ± 0,003 h
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1939
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

Massagetal	78
neutron number	46
Relative Atomic Mass	77,922852911 ± 0,000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	88 ± 1 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1953
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

Massagetal	79
neutron number	47
Relative Atomic Mass	78,925359506 ± 0,000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	18,98 ± 0,03 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1970
parity

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

Massagetal	80
neutron number	48
Relative Atomic Mass	79,925350773 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	29,5 ± 0,4 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

Massagetal	81
neutron number	49
Relative Atomic Mass	80,928832941 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	9 ± 2 s
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

Massagetal	82
neutron number	50
Relative Atomic Mass	81,929774031 ± 0,000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	4,31 ± 0,19 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

Massagetal	83
neutron number	51
Relative Atomic Mass	82,9345391 ± 0,000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	1,85 ± 0,06 s
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

Massagetal	84
neutron number	52
Relative Atomic Mass	83,93757509 ± 0,000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	951 ± 9 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

Massagetal	85
neutron number	53
Relative Atomic Mass	84,942969658 ± 0,000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	495 ± 5 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

Massagetal	86
neutron number	54
Relative Atomic Mass	85,946967 ± 0,00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	221,6 ± 11 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1994
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

Massagetal	87
neutron number	55
Relative Atomic Mass	86,953204 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	103 ± 4 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

Massagetal	88
neutron number	56
Relative Atomic Mass	87,957574 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd	61 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

Massagetal	89
neutron number	57
Relative Atomic Mass	88,96453 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
ontdekkingsdatum	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

Massagetal	90
neutron number	58
Relative Atomic Mass	89,969436 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktiwiteit	☢️ radioactive element
Halfleeftyd
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
ontdekkingsdatum	2010
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

geskiedenis

Ontdek deur	Clemens Winkler
ligging van ontdekking	Germany
ontdekkingsdatum	1886
etimologie	Latin: Germania (Germany).
uitspraak	jer-MAY-ni-em (Engels)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	1,5 mg/kg
natural abundance (oseaan)	0,00005 mg/L
natural abundance (human body)
natural abundance (Meteoroïde)	0,0021 %
natural abundance (Son)	0,00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0,00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Germanium on ChemicalAid

Germanium (Ge)

Physical Property

Chemical Property

other

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

geskiedenis

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge