Germani (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32

Atomic Number	32
Atomic Weight	72.63
Rhif màs	74

Group	14
Period	4
Block	p

Proton	32 p⁺
Niwtron	42 n⁰
Electron	32 e^-

Nodwedd Ffisegol

Atomic Radius	125 pm 234 pm
molar volume	13.6 cm³/mol
covalent radius	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
ionic radius	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
density	5.3234 g/cm³ 5,600 kg/m³

Nodwedd Gemegol

egni

proton affinity
electron affinity	1.232712 eV/particle
ionization energy	7.899435 eV/particle 15.93461 eV/particle 34.0576 eV/particle 45.715 eV/particle 90.5 eV/particle 115.9 eV/particle 144.9 eV/particle 176.4 eV/particle 212.5 eV/particle 252.1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527.9 eV/particle 567.29 eV/particle 609.06 eV/particle 662.8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837.1 eV/particle 880.444 eV/particle 2,180.1 eV/particle 2,304 eV/particle 2,439 eV/particle 2,575 eV/particle 2,737.2 eV/particle 2,881.9 eV/particle 3,074 eV/particle 3,194.293 eV/particle 13,557.4202 eV/particle 14,119.429 eV/particle

enthalpy of vaporization	328 kJ/mol
enthalpy of fusion	36.8 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	372 kJ/mol
Electron

plisgyn yr electron	2, 8, 18, 4

valence electron	4 ⓘ

trefn yr electronnau	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Cyflwr ocsidiad	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Electronegatifedd	11.8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1.5636638275958255 eV/particle
cyflwr sylfaenol mater

cyflwr mater	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	3,106.15 K
Melting Point	1,211.4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature	9,802.15 K
triple point
appearance
lliw	Gray #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
appearance	grayish-white
Mynegrif plygiant
nodwedd ffisegol gwrthrych
Thermal Conductivity	60.2 W/(m K)
thermal expansion	0.000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.32 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Semiconductor
dargludedd trydanol	0.002 MS/m
Gwrthedd	0.0005 Ω*m
superconductivity
magnetism
type	diamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	-0.0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	-0.000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	-0.00000798
magnetic ordering
Curie temperature
Néel temperature
strwythur
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (DIA)
lattice constant	5.66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
nodwedd mecanyddol deunyddiau
hardness	6 MPa
bulk modulus
shear modulus
Young's modulus
Poisson's ratio
speed of sound	5,400 m/s
classification
Category	Metalloids, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classification	chalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	2.2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0011
quantum number	3P0
space group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

Rhif màs	58
neutron number	26
Relative Atomic Mass	57.991863 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

Rhif màs	59
neutron number	27
Relative Atomic Mass	58.982426 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	13.3 ± 1.7 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
dyddiad darganfod	2015
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

Rhif màs	60
neutron number	28
Relative Atomic Mass	59.970445 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	21 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	2005
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

Rhif màs	61
neutron number	29
Relative Atomic Mass	60.963725 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	40.7 ± 0.4 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
dyddiad darganfod	1987
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

Rhif màs	62
neutron number	30
Relative Atomic Mass	61.954761 ± 0.00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	82.5 ± 1.4 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

Rhif màs	63
neutron number	31
Relative Atomic Mass	62.949628 ± 0.00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	153.6 ± 1.1 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
dyddiad darganfod	1991
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

Rhif màs	64
neutron number	32
Relative Atomic Mass	63.941689912 ± 0.000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	63.7 ± 2.5 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

Rhif màs	65
neutron number	33
Relative Atomic Mass	64.939368136 ± 0.000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	30.9 ± 0.5 s
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
dyddiad darganfod	1972
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

Rhif màs	66
neutron number	34
Relative Atomic Mass	65.933862124 ± 0.000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	2.26 ± 0.05 h
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1950
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

Rhif màs	67
neutron number	35
Relative Atomic Mass	66.932716999 ± 0.000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	18.9 ± 0.3 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1950
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

Rhif màs	68
neutron number	36
Relative Atomic Mass	67.928095305 ± 0.000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	271.05 ± 0.08 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1948
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

Rhif màs	69
neutron number	37
Relative Atomic Mass	68.927964467 ± 0.000001414 Da
g-factor	0.294 ± 0.0028
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	39.05 ± 0.1 h
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0.114 ± 0.007
dyddiad darganfod	1938
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

Rhif màs	70
neutron number	38
Relative Atomic Mass	69.924248542 ± 0.00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20.52 ± 0.19
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	stable isotope
Hanner oes	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1923
parity	+

⁷¹Ge

Rhif màs	71
neutron number	39
Relative Atomic Mass	70.92495212 ± 0.000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	11.43 ± 0.03 d
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1941
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

Rhif màs	72
neutron number	40
Relative Atomic Mass	71.922075824 ± 0.000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27.45 ± 0.15
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	stable isotope
Hanner oes	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1923
parity	+

⁷³Ge

Rhif màs	73
neutron number	41
Relative Atomic Mass	72.923458954 ± 0.000000061 Da
g-factor	-0.19516444444444 ± 0.000011111111111111
natural abundance	7.76 ± 0.08
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	stable isotope
Hanner oes	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	-0.196 ± 0.001
dyddiad darganfod	1933
parity	+

⁷⁴Ge

Rhif màs	74
neutron number	42
Relative Atomic Mass	73.92117776 ± 0.000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36.52 ± 0.12
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	stable isotope
Hanner oes	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1923
parity	+

⁷⁵Ge

Rhif màs	75
neutron number	43
Relative Atomic Mass	74.92285837 ± 0.000000055 Da
g-factor	1.018 ± 0.01
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	82.78 ± 0.04 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1939
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

Rhif màs	76
neutron number	44
Relative Atomic Mass	75.921402725 ± 0.000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7.75 ± 0.12
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	1.88 ± 0.08 Zy
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1933
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

Rhif màs	77
neutron number	45
Relative Atomic Mass	76.923549843 ± 0.000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	11.211 ± 0.003 h
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
dyddiad darganfod	1939
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

Rhif màs	78
neutron number	46
Relative Atomic Mass	77.922852911 ± 0.000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	88 ± 1 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1953
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

Rhif màs	79
neutron number	47
Relative Atomic Mass	78.925359506 ± 0.000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	18.98 ± 0.03 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1970
parity

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

Rhif màs	80
neutron number	48
Relative Atomic Mass	79.925350773 ± 0.000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	29.5 ± 0.4 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

Rhif màs	81
neutron number	49
Relative Atomic Mass	80.928832941 ± 0.000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	9 ± 2 s
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
dyddiad darganfod	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

Rhif màs	82
neutron number	50
Relative Atomic Mass	81.929774031 ± 0.000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	4.31 ± 0.19 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

Rhif màs	83
neutron number	51
Relative Atomic Mass	82.9345391 ± 0.000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	1.85 ± 0.06 s
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
dyddiad darganfod	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

Rhif màs	84
neutron number	52
Relative Atomic Mass	83.93757509 ± 0.000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	951 ± 9 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

Rhif màs	85
neutron number	53
Relative Atomic Mass	84.942969658 ± 0.000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	495 ± 5 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
dyddiad darganfod	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

Rhif màs	86
neutron number	54
Relative Atomic Mass	85.946967 ± 0.00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	221.6 ± 11 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1994
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

Rhif màs	87
neutron number	55
Relative Atomic Mass	86.953204 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	103 ± 4 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
dyddiad darganfod	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

Rhif màs	88
neutron number	56
Relative Atomic Mass	87.957574 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes	61 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

Rhif màs	89
neutron number	57
Relative Atomic Mass	88.96453 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
dyddiad darganfod	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

Rhif màs	90
neutron number	58
Relative Atomic Mass	89.969436 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Dadfeilio ymbelydrol	☢️ elfen ymbelydrol
Hanner oes
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
dyddiad darganfod	2010
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

hanes

darganfyddwr neu ddyfeisiwr	Clemens Winkler
man darganfod	Germany
dyddiad darganfod	1886
geirdarddiad	Latin: Germania (Germany).
ynganiad	jer-MAY-ni-em (Saesneg)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	1.5 mg/kg
natural abundance (cefnfor)	0.00005 mg/L
natural abundance (corff dynol)
natural abundance (Awyrfaen)	0.0021 %
natural abundance (Haul)	0.00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0.00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Germani on ChemicalAid

Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3524
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	germanium
ChEBI ID	30441
ChemSpider ID	4885606
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5031056
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID8052483
Den Store Danske ID	germanium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.331
Elhuyar ZTH ID	024624
French Vikidia ID	Germanium
GND	4135644-5
Golden ID	Germanium-98MM
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2354288
InChI	InChI=1S/Ge
InChIKey	GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
NDF-RT	N0000176163
Namuwiki ID	저마늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007565426605171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	159569
OpenAlex ID	C550623735
OpenAlex ID	C2909614401
PubChem CID	6326954
Rhif Cofrestru CAS	7440-56-4
RxNorm ID	4784
Store norske leksikon ID	germanium
UMLS CUI	C0017479
UNII	00072J7XWS
USGS Thesaurus ID	1463
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662695-n
ZVG number	8270
dynodwr AAT	300380222
dynodwr BnF	122010330
dynodwr Encyclopædia Universalis	germanium
dynodwr Freebase	/m/025rs3d
dynodwr Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana	0111877
dynodwr HSDB	2118
dynodwr KBpedia	Germanium
dynodwr LCAuth	sh85054449
dynodwr MeSH	D005857
dynodwr NDL	00562424
dynodwr NKC	ph927791
dynodwr PSH	5798
dynodwr Treccani	germanio
dynodwr YSO	22858
dynodwr yn thesawrws y BNCF	21205

Germani (Ge)

Nodwedd Ffisegol

Nodwedd Gemegol

other

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

hanes

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge