Germanioa (Ge)

32 zenbaki atomikoa duen elementu kimikoa

Atomic Number	32
Atomic Weight	72.63
masa-zenbaki	74

Group	14
Period	4
Block	p

protoi	32 p⁺
neutroi	42 n⁰
elektroi	32 e^-

Animated Bohrren eredu atomikoa of Ge (Germanioa)

Propietate Fisiko

Erradio Atomiko	125 pm 234 pm
bolumen molar	13,6 cm³/mol
Erradio Kobalente	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
Erradio ioniko	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Van der Waalsen erradio	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
dentsitatea	5,3234 g/cm³ 5.600 kg/m³

Magnitude Fisiko

{ERROR}

energia

proton affinity
Afinitate elektroniko	1,232712 eV/particle
ionizazio energia	7,899435 eV/particle 15,93461 eV/particle 34,0576 eV/particle 45,715 eV/particle 90,5 eV/particle 115,9 eV/particle 144,9 eV/particle 176,4 eV/particle 212,5 eV/particle 252,1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527,9 eV/particle 567,29 eV/particle 609,06 eV/particle 662,8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837,1 eV/particle 880,444 eV/particle 2.180,1 eV/particle 2.304 eV/particle 2.439 eV/particle 2.575 eV/particle 2.737,2 eV/particle 2.881,9 eV/particle 3.074 eV/particle 3.194,293 eV/particle 13.557,4202 eV/particle 14.119,429 eV/particle

Irakite-entalpia	328 kJ/mol
urtze-entalpia	36,8 kJ/mol
formazio entalpia estandarra	372 kJ/mol
elektroi

elektroi geruza	2, 8, 18, 4

balentzia-elektroi	4 ⓘ

electron configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Oxidazio-egoera	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Elektronegatibotasun	11,8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1,5636638275958255 eV/particle
materiaren funtsezko egoera

materiaren egoera
materiaren egoera gaseoso
Boiling Point	3.106,15 K
Melting Point	1.211,4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature	9.802,15 K
Puntu hirukoitz
appearance
kolore	Black #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
appearance	grayish-white
errefrakzio-indize
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity	60,2 W/(m K)
Bero-dilatazio	0,000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23,222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0,32 J/(g⋅K)
indize adiabatiko
electrical properties
type	Semiconductor
Eroankortasun elektriko	0,002 MS/m
Erresistibitate elektriko	0,0005 Ω*m
Supereroankortasun
Magnetismo
type	diamagnetic
suszeptibilitate magnetiko (Mass)	−0,0000000015 m³/Kg
suszeptibilitate magnetiko (Molar)	−0,000000000109 m³/mol
suszeptibilitate magnetiko (Volume)	−0,00000798
magnetic ordering
Curieren tenperatura
Néel temperature
egitura
Crystal Structure	{ERROR}
lattice constant	5,66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
materialen propietate mekaniko
Gogortasun	6 MPa
konprimagarritasun-modulu
Zizaila modulua
Youngen modulu
Poissonen modulu
Soinuaren lastertasun	5.400 m/s
classification
Category	Actinides, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classification	chalcophile

beste batzuk

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	2,2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0,0011
zenbaki kuantiko	3P0
talde espazial	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

masa-zenbaki	58
neutron number	26
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	57,991863 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

masa-zenbaki	59
neutron number	27
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	58,982426 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	13,3 ± 1,7 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
aurkikuntza-data	2015
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

masa-zenbaki	60
neutron number	28
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	59,970445 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	21 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	2005
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

masa-zenbaki	61
neutron number	29
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	60,963725 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	40,7 ± 0,4 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
aurkikuntza-data	1987
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

masa-zenbaki	62
neutron number	30
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	61,954761 ± 0,00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	82,5 ± 1,4 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

masa-zenbaki	63
neutron number	31
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	62,949628 ± 0,00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	153,6 ± 1,1 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
aurkikuntza-data	1991
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

masa-zenbaki	64
neutron number	32
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	63,941689912 ± 0,000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	63,7 ± 2,5 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

masa-zenbaki	65
neutron number	33
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	64,939368136 ± 0,000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	30,9 ± 0,5 s
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
aurkikuntza-data	1972
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

masa-zenbaki	66
neutron number	34
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	65,933862124 ± 0,000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	2,26 ± 0,05 h
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1950
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

masa-zenbaki	67
neutron number	35
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	66,932716999 ± 0,000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	18,9 ± 0,3 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1950
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

masa-zenbaki	68
neutron number	36
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	67,928095305 ± 0,000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	271,05 ± 0,08 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1948
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

masa-zenbaki	69
neutron number	37
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	68,927964467 ± 0,000001414 Da
g-factor	0,294 ± 0,0028
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	39,05 ± 0,1 h
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0,114 ± 0,007
aurkikuntza-data	1938
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

masa-zenbaki	70
neutron number	38
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	69,924248542 ± 0,00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20,52 ± 0,19
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	isotopo egonkor
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1923
parity	+

⁷¹Ge

masa-zenbaki	71
neutron number	39
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	70,92495212 ± 0,000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	11,43 ± 0,03 d
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1941
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

masa-zenbaki	72
neutron number	40
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	71,922075824 ± 0,000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27,45 ± 0,15
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	isotopo egonkor
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1923
parity	+

⁷³Ge

masa-zenbaki	73
neutron number	41
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	72,923458954 ± 0,000000061 Da
g-factor	−0,19516444444444 ± 0,000011111111111111
natural abundance	7,76 ± 0,08
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	isotopo egonkor
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	−0,196 ± 0,001
aurkikuntza-data	1933
parity	+

⁷⁴Ge

masa-zenbaki	74
neutron number	42
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	73,92117776 ± 0,000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36,52 ± 0,12
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	isotopo egonkor
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1923
parity	+

⁷⁵Ge

masa-zenbaki	75
neutron number	43
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	74,92285837 ± 0,000000055 Da
g-factor	1,018 ± 0,01
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	82,78 ± 0,04 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1939
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

masa-zenbaki	76
neutron number	44
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	75,921402725 ± 0,000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7,75 ± 0,12
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	1,88 ± 0,08 Zy
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1933
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

masa-zenbaki	77
neutron number	45
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	76,923549843 ± 0,000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	11,211 ± 0,003 h
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
aurkikuntza-data	1939
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

masa-zenbaki	78
neutron number	46
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	77,922852911 ± 0,000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	88 ± 1 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1953
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

masa-zenbaki	79
neutron number	47
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	78,925359506 ± 0,000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	18,98 ± 0,03 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1970
parity

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

masa-zenbaki	80
neutron number	48
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	79,925350773 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	29,5 ± 0,4 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

masa-zenbaki	81
neutron number	49
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	80,928832941 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	9 ± 2 s
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
aurkikuntza-data	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

masa-zenbaki	82
neutron number	50
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	81,929774031 ± 0,000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	4,31 ± 0,19 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

masa-zenbaki	83
neutron number	51
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	82,9345391 ± 0,000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	1,85 ± 0,06 s
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
aurkikuntza-data	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

masa-zenbaki	84
neutron number	52
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	83,93757509 ± 0,000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	951 ± 9 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

masa-zenbaki	85
neutron number	53
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	84,942969658 ± 0,000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	495 ± 5 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
aurkikuntza-data	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

masa-zenbaki	86
neutron number	54
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	85,946967 ± 0,00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	221,6 ± 11 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1994
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

masa-zenbaki	87
neutron number	55
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	86,953204 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	103 ± 4 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
aurkikuntza-data	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

masa-zenbaki	88
neutron number	56
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	87,957574 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo	61 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

masa-zenbaki	89
neutron number	57
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	88,96453 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
aurkikuntza-data	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

masa-zenbaki	90
neutron number	58
Atomo-Masa Erlatibo	89,969436 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
desintegrazio erradioaktibo	☢️ radioactive element
Semidesintegrazio-periodo
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
aurkikuntza-data	2010
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

historia

aurkitzailea edo asmatzailea	Clemens Winkler
aurkikuntzaren lekua	Germany
aurkikuntza-data	1886
etimologia	Latin: Germania (Germany).
pronunciation	jer-MAY-ni-em (ingelesa)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	1,5 mg/kg
natural abundance (ozeano)	0,00005 mg/L
natural abundance (gizakiaren gorputza)
natural abundance (Meteoroide)	0,0021 %
natural abundance (Eguzkia)	0,00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0,00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Germanioa on ChemicalAid

Germanioa (Ge)

Propietate Fisiko

Magnitude Fisiko

beste batzuk

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

historia

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge