Germanij (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32

Atomski broj	32
Relativna atomska masa	72.63
Maseni broj	74

Skupina	14
Perioda	4
Blok	p

proton	32 p⁺
neutron	42 n⁰
elektron	32 e^-

Animated Bohrov model atoma of Ge (Germanij)

Physical Property

Atomski Radijus	125 pm 234 pm
Molni volumen	13,6 cm³/mol
Kovalentni Radijus	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
Ionski radijus	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
gustoća	5,3234 g/cm³ 5.600 kg/m³

Kemijsko Svojstvo

energija

proton affinity
Elektronski afinitet	1,232712 eV/particle
ionization energy	7,899435 eV/particle 15,93461 eV/particle 34,0576 eV/particle 45,715 eV/particle 90,5 eV/particle 115,9 eV/particle 144,9 eV/particle 176,4 eV/particle 212,5 eV/particle 252,1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527,9 eV/particle 567,29 eV/particle 609,06 eV/particle 662,8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837,1 eV/particle 880,444 eV/particle 2.180,1 eV/particle 2.304 eV/particle 2.439 eV/particle 2.575 eV/particle 2.737,2 eV/particle 2.881,9 eV/particle 3.074 eV/particle 3.194,293 eV/particle 13.557,4202 eV/particle 14.119,429 eV/particle

Toplina isparivanja	328 kJ/mol
toplina taljenja	36,8 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	372 kJ/mol
elektron

Elektronska ljuska	2, 8, 18, 4

valence electron	4 ⓘ

electron configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Oksidacijski broj	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Elektronegativnost	11,8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1,5636638275958255 eV/particle
fundamental state of matter

agregatno stanje	Čvrsto
gaseous state of matter
Vrelište	3.106,15 K
Talište	1.211,4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature	9.802,15 K
Trojna točka
appearance
boja	Siva #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
appearance	grayish-white
Indeks prelamanja
thermodynamic material property
Toplinska vodljivost	60,2 W/(m K)
Toplinsko istezanje	0,000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23,222 J/(mol K)
Specifični toplinski kapacitet	0,32 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Semiconductor
electrical conductivity	0,002 MS/m
Električna otpornost i provodnost	0,0005 m Ω
Supravodljivost
Magnetizam
type	diamagnetic
Magnetna susceptibilnost (Mass)	−0,0000000015 m³/Kg
Magnetna susceptibilnost (Molar)	−0,000000000109 m³/mol
Magnetna susceptibilnost (Volume)	−0,00000798
magnetic ordering
Curieva temperatura
Néel temperature
struktura
Kristalna struktura	Kubna plošno centrirana (DIA)
lattice constant	5,66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
Tvrdoća	6 MPa
bulk modulus
shear modulus
Youngov modul elastičnosti
Poissonov omjer
brzina zvuka	5.400 m/s
classification
Kategorija	Polumetali, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classification	chalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Nuklearni udarni presjek	2,2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0,0011
Kvantni brojevi	3P0
space group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stabilni izotopi	4
Nestabilni izotopi	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

Maseni broj	58
neutron number	26
Relativna atomska masa	57,991863 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

Maseni broj	59
neutron number	27
Relativna atomska masa	58,982426 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	13,3 ± 1,7 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	2015
Parnost	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

Maseni broj	60
neutron number	28
Relativna atomska masa	59,970445 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	21 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	2005
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

Maseni broj	61
neutron number	29
Relativna atomska masa	60,963725 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	40,7 ± 0,4 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1987
Parnost	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

Maseni broj	62
neutron number	30
Relativna atomska masa	61,954761 ± 0,00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	82,5 ± 1,4 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1991
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

Maseni broj	63
neutron number	31
Relativna atomska masa	62,949628 ± 0,00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	153,6 ± 1,1 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1991
Parnost	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

Maseni broj	64
neutron number	32
Relativna atomska masa	63,941689912 ± 0,000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	63,7 ± 2,5 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1972
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

Maseni broj	65
neutron number	33
Relativna atomska masa	64,939368136 ± 0,000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	30,9 ± 0,5 s
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1972
Parnost	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

Maseni broj	66
neutron number	34
Relativna atomska masa	65,933862124 ± 0,000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	2,26 ± 0,05 h
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1950
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

Maseni broj	67
neutron number	35
Relativna atomska masa	66,932716999 ± 0,000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	18,9 ± 0,3 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1950
Parnost	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

Maseni broj	68
neutron number	36
Relativna atomska masa	67,928095305 ± 0,000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	271,05 ± 0,08 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1948
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

Maseni broj	69
neutron number	37
Relativna atomska masa	68,927964467 ± 0,000001414 Da
g-factor	0,294 ± 0,0028
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	39,05 ± 0,1 h
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0,114 ± 0,007
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1938
Parnost	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

Maseni broj	70
neutron number	38
Relativna atomska masa	69,924248542 ± 0,00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20,52 ± 0,19
radioaktivnost	stable isotope
Vrijeme poluraspada	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1923
Parnost	+

⁷¹Ge

Maseni broj	71
neutron number	39
Relativna atomska masa	70,92495212 ± 0,000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	11,43 ± 0,03 d
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1941
Parnost	-

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

Maseni broj	72
neutron number	40
Relativna atomska masa	71,922075824 ± 0,000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27,45 ± 0,15
radioaktivnost	stable isotope
Vrijeme poluraspada	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1923
Parnost	+

⁷³Ge

Maseni broj	73
neutron number	41
Relativna atomska masa	72,923458954 ± 0,000000061 Da
g-factor	−0,19516444444444 ± 0,000011111111111111
natural abundance	7,76 ± 0,08
radioaktivnost	stable isotope
Vrijeme poluraspada	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	−0,196 ± 0,001
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1933
Parnost	+

⁷⁴Ge

Maseni broj	74
neutron number	42
Relativna atomska masa	73,92117776 ± 0,000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36,52 ± 0,12
radioaktivnost	stable isotope
Vrijeme poluraspada	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1923
Parnost	+

⁷⁵Ge

Maseni broj	75
neutron number	43
Relativna atomska masa	74,92285837 ± 0,000000055 Da
g-factor	1,018 ± 0,01
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	82,78 ± 0,04 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1939
Parnost	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

Maseni broj	76
neutron number	44
Relativna atomska masa	75,921402725 ± 0,000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7,75 ± 0,12
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	1,88 ± 0,08 Zy
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1933
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

Maseni broj	77
neutron number	45
Relativna atomska masa	76,923549843 ± 0,000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	11,211 ± 0,003 h
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1939
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

Maseni broj	78
neutron number	46
Relativna atomska masa	77,922852911 ± 0,000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	88 ± 1 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1953
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

Maseni broj	79
neutron number	47
Relativna atomska masa	78,925359506 ± 0,000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	18,98 ± 0,03 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1970
Parnost

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

Maseni broj	80
neutron number	48
Relativna atomska masa	79,925350773 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	29,5 ± 0,4 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1972
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

Maseni broj	81
neutron number	49
Relativna atomska masa	80,928832941 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	9 ± 2 s
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1972
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

Maseni broj	82
neutron number	50
Relativna atomska masa	81,929774031 ± 0,000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	4,31 ± 0,19 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1972
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

Maseni broj	83
neutron number	51
Relativna atomska masa	82,9345391 ± 0,000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	1,85 ± 0,06 s
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1972
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

Maseni broj	84
neutron number	52
Relativna atomska masa	83,93757509 ± 0,000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	951 ± 9 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1972
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

Maseni broj	85
neutron number	53
Relativna atomska masa	84,942969658 ± 0,000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	495 ± 5 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1991
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

Maseni broj	86
neutron number	54
Relativna atomska masa	85,946967 ± 0,00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	221,6 ± 11 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1994
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

Maseni broj	87
neutron number	55
Relativna atomska masa	86,953204 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	103 ± 4 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1997
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

Maseni broj	88
neutron number	56
Relativna atomska masa	87,957574 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada	61 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1997
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

Maseni broj	89
neutron number	57
Relativna atomska masa	88,96453 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1997
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

Maseni broj	90
neutron number	58
Relativna atomska masa	89,969436 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioaktivnost	☢️ radioactive element
Vrijeme poluraspada
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	2010
Parnost	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

povijest

otkrio/izumio	Clemens Winkler
location of discovery	Germany
vrijeme otkrića ili izuma	1886
Etimologija	Latin: Germania (Germany).
pronunciation	jer-MAY-ni-em (engleski)

source

Obilnost
Zastupljenost u Zemljinoj kori	1,5 mg/kg
natural abundance (ocean)	0,00005 mg/L
natural abundance (tijelo)
natural abundance (meteoroid)	0,0021 %
natural abundance (Sunce)	0,00002 %
Zastupljenost u svemiru	0,00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Germanij on ChemicalAid

Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300380222
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3524
BNCF Thesaurus ID	21205
BNF	122010330
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	germanium
CAS registarski broj	7440-56-4
ChEBI ID	30441
ChemSpider ID	4885606
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5031056
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID8052483
Den Store Danske ID	germanium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.331
Elhuyar ZTH ID	024624
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	germanium
Freebase ID	/m/025rs3d
French Vikidia ID	Germanium
GND identifikator	4135644-5
Golden ID	Germanium-98MM
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0111877
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2354288
HSDB ID	2118
InChI	InChI=1S/Ge
InChIKey	GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Germanium
LCCN	sh85054449
MeSH ID	D005857
NDF-RT ID	N0000176163
NDL ID	00562424
NKCR broj	ph927791
Namuwiki ID	저마늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007565426605171
OpenAlex ID	C550623735
OpenAlex ID	C2909614401
PSH ID	5798
PubChem ID	6326954
RxNorm ID	4784
Store norske leksikon ID	germanium
Treccani ID	germanio
UMLS CUI	C0017479
UNII	00072J7XWS
USGS Thesaurus ID	1463
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662695-n
YSO ID	22858
ZVG number	8270
značenje prema OmegaWiki	159569

Germanij (Ge)

Physical Property

Kemijsko Svojstvo

other

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

povijest

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge