Germanium (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32

Atomic Number	32
Atomic Weight	72.63
Nombor jisim	74

Group	14
Period	4
Block	p

proton	32 p⁺
neutron	42 n⁰
Elektron	32 e^-

Sifat Fizikal

Jejari Atom	125 pm 234 pm
molar volume	13.6 cm³/mol
Jejari kovalen	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
ionic radius	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Jejari van der Waals	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
ketumpatan	5.3234 g/cm³ 5,600 kg/m³

Sifat Kimia

tenaga

proton affinity
Pertalian elektron	1.232712 eV/particle
ionization energy	7.899435 eV/particle 15.93461 eV/particle 34.0576 eV/particle 45.715 eV/particle 90.5 eV/particle 115.9 eV/particle 144.9 eV/particle 176.4 eV/particle 212.5 eV/particle 252.1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527.9 eV/particle 567.29 eV/particle 609.06 eV/particle 662.8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837.1 eV/particle 880.444 eV/particle 2,180.1 eV/particle 2,304 eV/particle 2,439 eV/particle 2,575 eV/particle 2,737.2 eV/particle 2,881.9 eV/particle 3,074 eV/particle 3,194.293 eV/particle 13,557.4202 eV/particle 14,119.429 eV/particle

Entalpi pengewapan	328 kJ/mol
entalpi pelakuran	36.8 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	372 kJ/mol
Elektron

Petala elektron	2, 8, 18, 4

Elektron valens	4 ⓘ

tatarajah elektron	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Keadaan pengoksidaan	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Keelektronegatifan	11.8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1.5636638275958255 eV/particle
keadaan jirim asas

fasa jirim	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	3,106.15 K
Melting Point	1,211.4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature	9,802.15 K
triple point
rupa
warna	Gray #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
rupa	grayish-white
indeks biasan
sifat bahan
Thermal Conductivity	60.2 W/(m K)
Pengembangan terma	0.000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.32 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Semiconductor
Kekonduksian elektrik	0.002 MS/m
Kerintangan dan kekonduksian elektrik	0.0005 m Ω
Kesuperkonduksian
kemagnetan
type	diamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	-0.0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	-0.000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	-0.00000798
magnetic ordering
Suhu Curie
Néel temperature
struktur
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (DIA)
lattice constant	5.66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hardness	6 MPa
Modulus pukal
shear modulus
Young's modulus
Nisbah Poisson
Kelajuan bunyi	5,400 m/s
pengelasan
Category	Metalloids, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classification	chalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	2.2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0011
Nombor kuantum	3P0
space group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

Nombor jisim	58
nombor neutron	26
jisim atom relatif	57.991863 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

Nombor jisim	59
nombor neutron	27
jisim atom relatif	58.982426 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	13.3 ± 1.7 ms
Spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	2015
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

Nombor jisim	60
nombor neutron	28
jisim atom relatif	59.970445 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	21 ± 6 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	2005
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

Nombor jisim	61
nombor neutron	29
jisim atom relatif	60.963725 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	40.7 ± 0.4 ms
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1987
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

Nombor jisim	62
nombor neutron	30
jisim atom relatif	61.954761 ± 0.00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	82.5 ± 1.4 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1991
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

Nombor jisim	63
nombor neutron	31
jisim atom relatif	62.949628 ± 0.00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	153.6 ± 1.1 ms
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1991
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

Nombor jisim	64
nombor neutron	32
jisim atom relatif	63.941689912 ± 0.000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	63.7 ± 2.5 s
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

Nombor jisim	65
nombor neutron	33
jisim atom relatif	64.939368136 ± 0.000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	30.9 ± 0.5 s
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1972
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

Nombor jisim	66
nombor neutron	34
jisim atom relatif	65.933862124 ± 0.000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	2.26 ± 0.05 h
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1950
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

Nombor jisim	67
nombor neutron	35
jisim atom relatif	66.932716999 ± 0.000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	18.9 ± 0.3 m
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1950
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

Nombor jisim	68
nombor neutron	36
jisim atom relatif	67.928095305 ± 0.000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	271.05 ± 0.08 d
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1948
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

Nombor jisim	69
nombor neutron	37
jisim atom relatif	68.927964467 ± 0.000001414 Da
g-factor	0.294 ± 0.0028
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	39.05 ± 0.1 h
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0.114 ± 0.007
tarikh penemuan	1938
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

Nombor jisim	70
nombor neutron	38
jisim atom relatif	69.924248542 ± 0.00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20.52 ± 0.19
Reputan radioaktif	Isotop stabil
setengah hayat	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1923
parity	+

⁷¹Ge

Nombor jisim	71
nombor neutron	39
jisim atom relatif	70.92495212 ± 0.000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	11.43 ± 0.03 d
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1941
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

Nombor jisim	72
nombor neutron	40
jisim atom relatif	71.922075824 ± 0.000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27.45 ± 0.15
Reputan radioaktif	Isotop stabil
setengah hayat	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1923
parity	+

⁷³Ge

Nombor jisim	73
nombor neutron	41
jisim atom relatif	72.923458954 ± 0.000000061 Da
g-factor	-0.19516444444444 ± 0.000011111111111111
natural abundance	7.76 ± 0.08
Reputan radioaktif	Isotop stabil
setengah hayat	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	-0.196 ± 0.001
tarikh penemuan	1933
parity	+

⁷⁴Ge

Nombor jisim	74
nombor neutron	42
jisim atom relatif	73.92117776 ± 0.000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36.52 ± 0.12
Reputan radioaktif	Isotop stabil
setengah hayat	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1923
parity	+

⁷⁵Ge

Nombor jisim	75
nombor neutron	43
jisim atom relatif	74.92285837 ± 0.000000055 Da
g-factor	1.018 ± 0.01
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	82.78 ± 0.04 m
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1939
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

Nombor jisim	76
nombor neutron	44
jisim atom relatif	75.921402725 ± 0.000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7.75 ± 0.12
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	1.88 ± 0.08 Zy
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1933
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

Nombor jisim	77
nombor neutron	45
jisim atom relatif	76.923549843 ± 0.000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	11.211 ± 0.003 h
Spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1939
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

Nombor jisim	78
nombor neutron	46
jisim atom relatif	77.922852911 ± 0.000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	88 ± 1 m
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1953
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

Nombor jisim	79
nombor neutron	47
jisim atom relatif	78.925359506 ± 0.000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	18.98 ± 0.03 s
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1970
parity

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

Nombor jisim	80
nombor neutron	48
jisim atom relatif	79.925350773 ± 0.000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	29.5 ± 0.4 s
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

Nombor jisim	81
nombor neutron	49
jisim atom relatif	80.928832941 ± 0.000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	9 ± 2 s
Spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

Nombor jisim	82
nombor neutron	50
jisim atom relatif	81.929774031 ± 0.000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	4.31 ± 0.19 s
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

Nombor jisim	83
nombor neutron	51
jisim atom relatif	82.9345391 ± 0.000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	1.85 ± 0.06 s
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

Nombor jisim	84
nombor neutron	52
jisim atom relatif	83.93757509 ± 0.000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	951 ± 9 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1972
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

Nombor jisim	85
nombor neutron	53
jisim atom relatif	84.942969658 ± 0.000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	495 ± 5 ms
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1991
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

Nombor jisim	86
nombor neutron	54
jisim atom relatif	85.946967 ± 0.00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	221.6 ± 11 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1994
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

Nombor jisim	87
nombor neutron	55
jisim atom relatif	86.953204 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	103 ± 4 ms
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1997
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

Nombor jisim	88
nombor neutron	56
jisim atom relatif	87.957574 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	61 ± 6 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1997
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

Nombor jisim	89
nombor neutron	57
jisim atom relatif	88.96453 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1997
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

Nombor jisim	90
nombor neutron	58
jisim atom relatif	89.969436 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	2010
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

sejarah

penemu atau pereka	Clemens Winkler
tempat penemuan	Germany
tarikh penemuan	1886
Etimologi	Latin: Germania (Germany).
sebutan	jer-MAY-ni-em (Inggeris)

sumber

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	1.5 mg/kg
natural abundance (lautan)	0.00005 mg/L
natural abundance (Tubuh manusia)
natural abundance (Meteoroid)	0.0021 %
natural abundance (Matahari)	0.00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0.00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Germanium on ChemicalAid

ChEBI ID	30441
ChemSpider ID	4885606
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5031056
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.331
Golden ID	Germanium-98MM
HSDB ID	2118
ID BnF	122010330
ID Den Store Danske	germanium
ID Elhuyar ZTH	024624
ID Encyclopædia Universalis	germanium
ID Ensiklopedia Besar Rusia dalam talian	2354288
ID Freebase	/m/025rs3d
ID GND	4135644-5
ID Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana	0111877
ID J9U Perpustakaan Negara Israel	987007565426605171
ID KBpedia	Germanium
ID NKCR AUT	ph927791
ID Namuwiki	저마늄
ID PSH	5798
ID Perbendaharaan Kata Pendidikan Australia	scot/3524
ID Store norske leksikon	germanium
ID Tesaurus BNCF	21205
ID Treccani	germanio
ID Vikidia Perancis	Germanium
ID WordNet 3.1 Synset	14662695-n
ID YSO	22858
ID bahan DSSTox	DTXSID8052483
ID dalam talian Brockhaus Enzyklopädie	germanium
ID kewibawaan Perpustakaan Kongres	sh85054449
ID pemerihal MeSH	D005857
InChI	InChI=1S/Ge
InChIKey	GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Maksud Tertakrif OmegaWiki	159569
NDF-RT ID	N0000176163
OpenAlex ID	C550623735
OpenAlex ID	C2909614401
PubChem CID	6326954
RxNorm ID	4784
UMLS CUI	C0017479
UNII	00072J7XWS
USGS Thesaurus ID	1463
ZVG number	8270
nombor pendaftaran CAS	7440-56-4
pengecam AAT	300380222
pengecam NDL	00562424

Germanium (Ge)

Sifat Fizikal

Sifat Kimia

other

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

sejarah

sumber

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge