Germanium

Germanium (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32
Atomic Number32
Atomic Weight72.63
Nombor jisim74
Group14
Period4
Blockp
proton32 p+
neutron42 n0
Elektron32 e-
Animated Model Bohr of Ge (Germanium)

Sifat Fizikal

Jejari Atom
125 pm
molar volume
Jejari kovalen
121 pm
Metallic Radius
124 pm
ionic radius
73 pm
Crystal Radius
87 pm
Jejari van der Waals
211 pm
ketumpatan
5.3234 g/cm³
Atomic Radii Of The Elements: Germanium020406080100120140160180200220pmJejari AtomJejari KovalenMetallic RadiusJejari van der Waals

Sifat Kimia

tenaga
proton affinity
Pertalian elektron
1.232712 eV/particle
ionization energy
7.899435 eV/particle
ionization energy of Ge (Germanium)
Entalpi pengewapan
328 kJ/mol
entalpi pelakuran
36.8 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation
372 kJ/mol
Elektron
Petala elektron2, 8, 18, 4
Model Bohr: Ge (Germanium)
Elektron valens4
Teori ion Lewis: Ge (Germanium)
tatarajah elektron[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2
Enhanced Model Bohr of Ge (Germanium)
Orbital Diagram of Ge (Germanium)
Keadaan pengoksidaan-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Keelektronegatifan
2.01
Electrophilicity Index
1.5636638275958255 eV/particle
keadaan jirim asas
fasa jirimSolid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point
3,106.15 K
Melting Point
1,211.4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature
9,802.15 K
triple point
rupa
warna
Gray
rupagrayish-white
indeks biasan
sifat bahan
Thermal Conductivity
60.2 W/(m K)
Pengembangan terma
0.000006 1/K
molar heat capacity
23.222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
typeSemiconductor
Kekonduksian elektrik
0.002 MS/m
Kerintangan dan kekonduksian elektrik
0.0005 m Ω
Kesuperkonduksian
kemagnetan
typediamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)
-0.0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)
-0.000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)
-0.00000798
magnetic ordering
Suhu Curie
Néel temperature
struktur
Crystal StructureFace Centered Cubic (DIA)
lattice constant
5.66 Å
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hardness
6 MPa
Modulus pukal
shear modulus
Young's modulus
Nisbah Poisson
Kelajuan bunyi
5,400 m/s
pengelasan
CategoryMetalloids, Metalloids
CAS GroupIVB
IUPAC GroupIVA
Glawe Number84
Mendeleev Number89
Pettifor Number84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classificationchalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability
40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
354 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section
2.2
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.0011
Nombor kuantum3P0
space group225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes4
Unstable Isotopes29
Natural Isotopes5
Isotopic Composition7436.52%7436.52%7227.45%7227.45%7020.52%7020.52%737.76%737.76%767.75%767.75%

58Ge

Nombor jisim58
nombor neutron26
jisim atom relatif
57.991863 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
2p (2-proton emission)

59Ge

Nombor jisim59
nombor neutron27
jisim atom relatif
58.982426 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
13.3 ± 1.7 ms
Spin7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan2015
parity-

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)93%
2p (2-proton emission)0.2%

60Ge

Nombor jisim60
nombor neutron28
jisim atom relatif
59.970445 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
21 ± 6 ms
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan2005
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)100%
2p (2-proton emission)14%

61Ge

Nombor jisim61
nombor neutron29
jisim atom relatif
60.963725 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
40.7 ± 0.4 ms
Spin3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan1987
parity-

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)87%

62Ge

Nombor jisim62
nombor neutron30
jisim atom relatif
61.954761 ± 0.00015 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
82.5 ± 1.4 ms
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1991
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

63Ge

Nombor jisim63
nombor neutron31
jisim atom relatif
62.949628 ± 0.00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
153.6 ± 1.1 ms
Spin3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan1991
parity-

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

64Ge

Nombor jisim64
nombor neutron32
jisim atom relatif
63.941689912 ± 0.000004 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
63.7 ± 2.5 s
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1972
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

65Ge

Nombor jisim65
nombor neutron33
jisim atom relatif
64.939368136 ± 0.000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
30.9 ± 0.5 s
Spin3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan1972
parity-

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)0.011%

66Ge

Nombor jisim66
nombor neutron34
jisim atom relatif
65.933862124 ± 0.000002577 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
2.26 ± 0.05 h
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1950
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

67Ge

Nombor jisim67
nombor neutron35
jisim atom relatif
66.932716999 ± 0.000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
18.9 ± 0.3 m
Spin1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1950
parity-

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

68Ge

Nombor jisim68
nombor neutron36
jisim atom relatif
67.928095305 ± 0.000002014 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
271.05 ± 0.08 d
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1948
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
ϵ (electron capture)100%

69Ge

Nombor jisim69
nombor neutron37
jisim atom relatif
68.927964467 ± 0.000001414 Da
g-factor
0.294 ± 0.0028
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
39.05 ± 0.1 h
Spin5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0.114 ± 0.007
tarikh penemuan1938
parity-

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

70Ge

Nombor jisim70
nombor neutron38
jisim atom relatif
69.924248542 ± 0.00000088 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
20.52 ± 0.19
Reputan radioaktifIsotop stabil
setengah hayatNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1923
parity+

71Ge

Nombor jisim71
nombor neutron39
jisim atom relatif
70.92495212 ± 0.000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
11.43 ± 0.03 d
Spin1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1941
parity-

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
ϵ (electron capture)100%

72Ge

Nombor jisim72
nombor neutron40
jisim atom relatif
71.922075824 ± 0.000000081 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
27.45 ± 0.15
Reputan radioaktifIsotop stabil
setengah hayatNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1923
parity+

73Ge

Nombor jisim73
nombor neutron41
jisim atom relatif
72.923458954 ± 0.000000061 Da
g-factor
-0.19516444444444 ± 0.000011111111111111
natural abundance
7.76 ± 0.08
Reputan radioaktifIsotop stabil
setengah hayatNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
-0.196 ± 0.001
tarikh penemuan1933
parity+

74Ge

Nombor jisim74
nombor neutron42
jisim atom relatif
73.92117776 ± 0.000000013 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
36.52 ± 0.12
Reputan radioaktifIsotop stabil
setengah hayatNot Radioactive ☢️
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1923
parity+

75Ge

Nombor jisim75
nombor neutron43
jisim atom relatif
74.92285837 ± 0.000000055 Da
g-factor
1.018 ± 0.01
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
82.78 ± 0.04 m
Spin1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1939
parity-

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%

76Ge

Nombor jisim76
nombor neutron44
jisim atom relatif
75.921402725 ± 0.000000019 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
7.75 ± 0.12
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
1.88 ± 0.08 Zy
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1933
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
(double β decay)100%

77Ge

Nombor jisim77
nombor neutron45
jisim atom relatif
76.923549843 ± 0.000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
11.211 ± 0.003 h
Spin7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan1939
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%

78Ge

Nombor jisim78
nombor neutron46
jisim atom relatif
77.922852911 ± 0.000003795 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
88 ± 1 m
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1953
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%

79Ge

Nombor jisim79
nombor neutron47
jisim atom relatif
78.925359506 ± 0.000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
18.98 ± 0.03 s
Spin1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1970
parity

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%

80Ge

Nombor jisim80
nombor neutron48
jisim atom relatif
79.925350773 ± 0.000002205 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
29.5 ± 0.4 s
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1972
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%

81Ge

Nombor jisim81
nombor neutron49
jisim atom relatif
80.928832941 ± 0.000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
9 ± 2 s
Spin9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan1972
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%

82Ge

Nombor jisim82
nombor neutron50
jisim atom relatif
81.929774031 ± 0.000002405 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
4.31 ± 0.19 s
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1972
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%

83Ge

Nombor jisim83
nombor neutron51
jisim atom relatif
82.9345391 ± 0.000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
1.85 ± 0.06 s
Spin5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan1972
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)

84Ge

Nombor jisim84
nombor neutron52
jisim atom relatif
83.93757509 ± 0.000003403 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
951 ± 9 ms
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1972
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)10.6%

85Ge

Nombor jisim85
nombor neutron53
jisim atom relatif
84.942969658 ± 0.000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
495 ± 5 ms
Spin3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan1991
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

86Ge

Nombor jisim86
nombor neutron54
jisim atom relatif
85.946967 ± 0.00047 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
221.6 ± 11 ms
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1994
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)45%

87Ge

Nombor jisim87
nombor neutron55
jisim atom relatif
86.953204 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
103 ± 4 ms
Spin5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan1997
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

88Ge

Nombor jisim88
nombor neutron56
jisim atom relatif
87.957574 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
61 ± 6 ms
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan1997
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

89Ge

Nombor jisim89
nombor neutron57
jisim atom relatif
88.96453 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan1997
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

90Ge

Nombor jisim90
nombor neutron58
jisim atom relatif
89.969436 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor
0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
tarikh penemuan2010
parity+

decay modeKeamatan (fizik)
β (β decay)
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)
Germanium element

sejarah

penemu atau perekaClemens Winkler
tempat penemuanGermany
tarikh penemuan1886
EtimologiLatin: Germania (Germany).
sebutanjer-MAY-ni-em (Inggeris)

sumber

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust
1.5 mg/kg
natural abundance (lautan)
0.00005 mg/L
natural abundance (Tubuh manusia)
natural abundance (Meteoroid)
0.0021 %
natural abundance (Matahari)
0.00002 %
Abundance in Universe
0.00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.7063
2p3.9178
2s8.6352
3d15.7487
3p14.9864
3s14.2103
4p25.2196
4s23.9564