Ġermanju[m]

Ġermanju[m] (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32
Atomic Number32
Atomic Weight72.63
mass number74
Group14
Period4
Blockp
proton32 p+
neutron42 n0
elettron32 e-
Animated Bohr model of Ge (Ġermanju[m])

Physical Property

Atomic Radius
molar volume
covalent radius
Metallic Radius
ionic radius
Crystal Radius
Van der Waals radius
densità
Atomic Radii Of The Elements: Ġermanju[m]0102030405060708090100110120130140150160170180190200210220pmAtomic RadiusCovalent RadiusMetallic RadiusVan der Waals radius

Chemical Property

enerġija
proton affinity
electron affinity
ionization energy
ionization energy of Ge (Ġermanju[m])
enthalpy of vaporization
enthalpy of fusion
standard enthalpy of formation
elettron
electron shell2, 8, 18, 4
Bohr model: Ge (Ġermanju[m])
valence electron4
Lewis structure: Ge (Ġermanju[m])
electron configuration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2
Enhanced Bohr model of Ge (Ġermanju[m])
Orbital Diagram of Ge (Ġermanju[m])
oxidation number-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
electronegativity
2.01
Electrophilicity Index
fundamental state of matter
phase of matterSolid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point
Melting Point
critical pressure
critical temperature
triple point
appearance
kulur
Gray
appearancegrayish-white
refractive index
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity
thermal expansion
molar heat capacity
Specific Heat Capacity
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
typeSemiconductor
electrical conductivity
electrical resistivity
superconductivity
magnetism
typediamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)
-0.0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)
-0.000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)
-0.00000798
magnetic ordering
Curie temperature
Néel temperature
structure
Crystal StructureFace Centered Cubic (DIA)
lattice constant
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hardness
bulk modulus
shear modulus
Young's modulus
Poisson's ratio
speed of sound
classification
CategoryMetalloids, Metalloids
CAS GroupIVB
IUPAC GroupIVA
Glawe Number84
Mendeleev Number89
Pettifor Number84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classificationchalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
allotrope
Neutron cross section
2.2
Neutron Mass Absorption
0.0011
quantum number3P0
space group225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes4
Unstable Isotopes29
Natural Isotopes5
Isotopic Composition7436.52%7436.52%7227.45%7227.45%7020.52%7020.52%737.76%737.76%767.75%767.75%

58Ge

mass number58
neutron number26
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention
parity+

decay modeintensity
2p (2-proton emission)

59Ge

mass number59
neutron number27
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
13.3 ± 1.7 ms
spin7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention2015
parity-

decay modeintensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)93%
2p (2-proton emission)0.2%

60Ge

mass number60
neutron number28
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
21 ± 6 ms
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention2005
parity+

decay modeintensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)100%
2p (2-proton emission)14%

61Ge

mass number61
neutron number29
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
40.7 ± 0.4 ms
spin3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention1987
parity-

decay modeintensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)87%

62Ge

mass number62
neutron number30
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
82.5 ± 1.4 ms
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1991
parity+

decay modeintensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

63Ge

mass number63
neutron number31
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
153.6 ± 1.1 ms
spin3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention1991
parity-

decay modeintensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)

64Ge

mass number64
neutron number32
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
63.7 ± 2.5 s
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1972
parity+

decay modeintensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

65Ge

mass number65
neutron number33
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
30.9 ± 0.5 s
spin3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention1972
parity-

decay modeintensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)0.011%

66Ge

mass number66
neutron number34
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
2.26 ± 0.05 h
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1950
parity+

decay modeintensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

67Ge

mass number67
neutron number35
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
18.9 ± 0.3 m
spin1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1950
parity-

decay modeintensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

68Ge

mass number68
neutron number36
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
271.05 ± 0.08 d
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1948
parity+

decay modeintensity
ϵ (electron capture)100%

69Ge

mass number69
neutron number37
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0.294 ± 0.0028
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
39.05 ± 0.1 h
spin5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0.114 ± 0.007
time of discovery or invention1938
parity-

decay modeintensity
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

70Ge

mass number70
neutron number38
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
20.52 ± 0.19
radioactivitystable isotope
half-lifeNot Radioactive ☢️
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1923
parity+

71Ge

mass number71
neutron number39
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
11.43 ± 0.03 d
spin1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1941
parity-

decay modeintensity
ϵ (electron capture)100%

72Ge

mass number72
neutron number40
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
27.45 ± 0.15
radioactivitystable isotope
half-lifeNot Radioactive ☢️
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1923
parity+

73Ge

mass number73
neutron number41
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
-0.19516444444444 ± 0.000011111111111111
natural abundance
7.76 ± 0.08
radioactivitystable isotope
half-lifeNot Radioactive ☢️
spin9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
-0.196 ± 0.001
time of discovery or invention1933
parity+

74Ge

mass number74
neutron number42
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
36.52 ± 0.12
radioactivitystable isotope
half-lifeNot Radioactive ☢️
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1923
parity+

75Ge

mass number75
neutron number43
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
1.018 ± 0.01
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
82.78 ± 0.04 m
spin1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1939
parity-

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%

76Ge

mass number76
neutron number44
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
7.75 ± 0.12
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
1.88 ± 0.08 Zy
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1933
parity+

decay modeintensity
(double β decay)100%

77Ge

mass number77
neutron number45
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
11.211 ± 0.003 h
spin7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention1939
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%

78Ge

mass number78
neutron number46
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
88 ± 1 m
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1953
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%

79Ge

mass number79
neutron number47
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
18.98 ± 0.03 s
spin1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1970
parity

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%

80Ge

mass number80
neutron number48
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
29.5 ± 0.4 s
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1972
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%

81Ge

mass number81
neutron number49
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
9 ± 2 s
spin9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention1972
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%

82Ge

mass number82
neutron number50
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
4.31 ± 0.19 s
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1972
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%

83Ge

mass number83
neutron number51
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
1.85 ± 0.06 s
spin5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention1972
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)

84Ge

mass number84
neutron number52
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
951 ± 9 ms
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1972
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)10.6%

85Ge

mass number85
neutron number53
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
495 ± 5 ms
spin3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention1991
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

86Ge

mass number86
neutron number54
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
221.6 ± 11 ms
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1994
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)45%

87Ge

mass number87
neutron number55
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
103 ± 4 ms
spin5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention1997
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

88Ge

mass number88
neutron number56
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
61 ± 6 ms
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention1997
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)100%
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

89Ge

mass number89
neutron number57
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention1997
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

90Ge

mass number90
neutron number58
Relative Atomic Mass
g-factor
0
natural abundance
radioactivity☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
time of discovery or invention2010
parity+

decay modeintensity
β (β decay)
β n (β-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)
Germanium element

storja

discoverer or inventorClemens Winkler
location of discoveryGermany
time of discovery or invention1886
etimoloġijaLatin: Germania (Germany).
pronunciationjer-MAY-ni-em (Ingliż)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust
natural abundance (ocean)
natural abundance (human body)
natural abundance (meteoroid)
0.0021 %
natural abundance (Xemx)
0.00002 %
Abundance in Universe
0.00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.7063
2p3.9178
2s8.6352
3d15.7487
3p14.9864
3s14.2103
4p25.2196
4s23.9564