Germani (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32

Atomic Number	32
Atomic Weight	72.63
mass number	74

Group	14
Period	4
Block	p

proton	32 p⁺
neutron	42 n⁰
electron	32 e^-

Proprietat Fisica

Rai Atomic	125 pm 234 pm
molar volume	13.6 cm³/mol
covalent radius	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
ionic radius	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Rai de van der Waals	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
densitat	5.3234 g/cm³ 5600 kg/m³

Chemical Property

energia

proton affinity
electron affinity	1.232712 eV/particle
ionization energy	7.899435 eV/particle 15.93461 eV/particle 34.0576 eV/particle 45.715 eV/particle 90.5 eV/particle 115.9 eV/particle 144.9 eV/particle 176.4 eV/particle 212.5 eV/particle 252.1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527.9 eV/particle 567.29 eV/particle 609.06 eV/particle 662.8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837.1 eV/particle 880.444 eV/particle 2180.1 eV/particle 2304 eV/particle 2439 eV/particle 2575 eV/particle 2737.2 eV/particle 2881.9 eV/particle 3074 eV/particle 3194.293 eV/particle 13557.4202 eV/particle 14119.429 eV/particle

enthalpy of vaporization	328 kJ/mol
enthalpy of fusion	36.8 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	372 kJ/mol
electron

electron shell	2, 8, 18, 4

valence electron	4 ⓘ

electron configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

oxidation number	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Electronegativitat	11.8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1.5636638275958255 eV/particle
fundamental state of matter

estat de la matèria	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	3106.15 K
Melting Point	1211.4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature	9802.15 K
Ponch triple
appearance
Color	Gray #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
appearance	grayish-white
Indici de refraccion
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity	60.2 W/(m K)
thermal expansion	0.000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.32 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Semiconductor
electrical conductivity	0.002 MS/m
electrical resistivity	0.0005 Ω*m
superconductivity
magnetism
type	diamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	-0.0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	-0.000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	-0.00000798
magnetic ordering
Curie temperature
Néel temperature
estructura
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (DIA)
lattice constant	5.66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
Duretat	6 MPa
bulk modulus
shear modulus
Young's modulus
Poisson's ratio
speed of sound	5400 m/s
classification
Category	Metalloids, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classification	chalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	2.2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0011
quantum number	3P0
space group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

mass number	58
neutron number	26
Relative Atomic Mass	57.991863 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

mass number	59
neutron number	27
Relative Atomic Mass	58.982426 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	13.3 ± 1.7 ms
Espin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
data de descobèrta	2015
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

mass number	60
neutron number	28
Relative Atomic Mass	59.970445 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	21 ± 6 ms
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	2005
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

mass number	61
neutron number	29
Relative Atomic Mass	60.963725 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	40.7 ± 0.4 ms
Espin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
data de descobèrta	1987
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

mass number	62
neutron number	30
Relative Atomic Mass	61.954761 ± 0.00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	82.5 ± 1.4 ms
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

mass number	63
neutron number	31
Relative Atomic Mass	62.949628 ± 0.00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	153.6 ± 1.1 ms
Espin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
data de descobèrta	1991
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

mass number	64
neutron number	32
Relative Atomic Mass	63.941689912 ± 0.000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	63.7 ± 2.5 s
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

mass number	65
neutron number	33
Relative Atomic Mass	64.939368136 ± 0.000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	30.9 ± 0.5 s
Espin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
data de descobèrta	1972
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

mass number	66
neutron number	34
Relative Atomic Mass	65.933862124 ± 0.000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	2.26 ± 0.05 h
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1950
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

mass number	67
neutron number	35
Relative Atomic Mass	66.932716999 ± 0.000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	18.9 ± 0.3 m
Espin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1950
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

mass number	68
neutron number	36
Relative Atomic Mass	67.928095305 ± 0.000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	271.05 ± 0.08 d
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1948
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

mass number	69
neutron number	37
Relative Atomic Mass	68.927964467 ± 0.000001414 Da
g-factor	0.294 ± 0.0028
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	39.05 ± 0.1 h
Espin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0.114 ± 0.007
data de descobèrta	1938
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

mass number	70
neutron number	38
Relative Atomic Mass	69.924248542 ± 0.00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20.52 ± 0.19
Radioactivitat	stable isotope
Semivida	Not Radioactive ☢️
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1923
parity	+

⁷¹Ge

mass number	71
neutron number	39
Relative Atomic Mass	70.92495212 ± 0.000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	11.43 ± 0.03 d
Espin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1941
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

mass number	72
neutron number	40
Relative Atomic Mass	71.922075824 ± 0.000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27.45 ± 0.15
Radioactivitat	stable isotope
Semivida	Not Radioactive ☢️
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1923
parity	+

⁷³Ge

mass number	73
neutron number	41
Relative Atomic Mass	72.923458954 ± 0.000000061 Da
g-factor	-0.19516444444444 ± 0.000011111111111111
natural abundance	7.76 ± 0.08
Radioactivitat	stable isotope
Semivida	Not Radioactive ☢️
Espin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	-0.196 ± 0.001
data de descobèrta	1933
parity	+

⁷⁴Ge

mass number	74
neutron number	42
Relative Atomic Mass	73.92117776 ± 0.000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36.52 ± 0.12
Radioactivitat	stable isotope
Semivida	Not Radioactive ☢️
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1923
parity	+

⁷⁵Ge

mass number	75
neutron number	43
Relative Atomic Mass	74.92285837 ± 0.000000055 Da
g-factor	1.018 ± 0.01
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	82.78 ± 0.04 m
Espin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1939
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

mass number	76
neutron number	44
Relative Atomic Mass	75.921402725 ± 0.000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7.75 ± 0.12
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	1.88 ± 0.08 Zy
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1933
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

mass number	77
neutron number	45
Relative Atomic Mass	76.923549843 ± 0.000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	11.211 ± 0.003 h
Espin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
data de descobèrta	1939
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

mass number	78
neutron number	46
Relative Atomic Mass	77.922852911 ± 0.000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	88 ± 1 m
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1953
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

mass number	79
neutron number	47
Relative Atomic Mass	78.925359506 ± 0.000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	18.98 ± 0.03 s
Espin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1970
parity

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

mass number	80
neutron number	48
Relative Atomic Mass	79.925350773 ± 0.000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	29.5 ± 0.4 s
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

mass number	81
neutron number	49
Relative Atomic Mass	80.928832941 ± 0.000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	9 ± 2 s
Espin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
data de descobèrta	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

mass number	82
neutron number	50
Relative Atomic Mass	81.929774031 ± 0.000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	4.31 ± 0.19 s
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

mass number	83
neutron number	51
Relative Atomic Mass	82.9345391 ± 0.000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	1.85 ± 0.06 s
Espin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
data de descobèrta	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

mass number	84
neutron number	52
Relative Atomic Mass	83.93757509 ± 0.000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	951 ± 9 ms
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

mass number	85
neutron number	53
Relative Atomic Mass	84.942969658 ± 0.000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	495 ± 5 ms
Espin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
data de descobèrta	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

mass number	86
neutron number	54
Relative Atomic Mass	85.946967 ± 0.00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	221.6 ± 11 ms
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1994
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

mass number	87
neutron number	55
Relative Atomic Mass	86.953204 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	103 ± 4 ms
Espin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
data de descobèrta	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

mass number	88
neutron number	56
Relative Atomic Mass	87.957574 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida	61 ± 6 ms
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

mass number	89
neutron number	57
Relative Atomic Mass	88.96453 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida
Espin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
data de descobèrta	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

mass number	90
neutron number	58
Relative Atomic Mass	89.969436 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Radioactivitat	☢️ radioactive element
Semivida
Espin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
data de descobèrta	2010
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

istòria

descobridor o inventaire	Clemens Winkler
luòc de descobèrta	Germany
data de descobèrta	1886
Etimologia	Latin: Germania (Germany).
pronunciation	jer-MAY-ni-em (English)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	1.5 mg/kg
natural abundance (Ocean)	0.00005 mg/L
natural abundance (còs uman)
natural abundance (meteoroid)	0.0021 %
natural abundance (Solelh)	0.00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0.00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Germani on ChemicalAid

Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3524
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	germanium
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5031056
Den Store Danske ID	germanium
Elhuyar ZTH ID	024624
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	germanium
French Vikidia ID	Germanium
Golden ID	Germanium-98MM
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2354288
HSDB ID	2118
InChI	InChI=1S/Ge
InChIKey	GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Germanium
Namuwiki ID	저마늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007565426605171
OpenAlex ID	C550623735
OpenAlex ID	C2909614401
RxNorm CUI	4784
Store norske leksikon ID	germanium
UMLS CUI	C0017479
USGS Thesaurus ID	1463
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662695-n
YSO ID	22858
identificacion NK ČR	ph927791
identificant Art & Arquitectura Thesaurus	300380222
identificant BNF	122010330
identificant ChEBI	30441
identificant ChemSpider	4885606
identificant DSSTOX de substància	DTXSID8052483
identificant Enciclopedia Treccani	germanio
identificant Freebase	/m/025rs3d
identificant GND	4135644-5
identificant Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana	0111877
identificant MeSH	D005857
identificant NDF-RT	N0000176163
identificant NDL	00562424
identificant PSH	5798
identificant PubChem (CID)	6326954
identificant UNII	00072J7XWS
identificant bibliotèca del Congrès	sh85054449
identificant d'InfoCard ECHA	100.028.331
identificant del thesaurus de la BNCF	21205
numèro CAS	7440-56-4
numèro ZVG	8270
sens definit OmegaWiki	159569

Germani (Ge)

Proprietat Fisica

Chemical Property

other

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

istòria

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge