Germanium

Germanium (Ge)

grundämne
Atomnummer32
Atommassa72.63
masstal74
Grupp14
Period4
Blockp
Protoner32 p+
Neutroner42 n0
Electrons32 e-
Germanium element.jpg Animated Bohrs atommodell of Ge (Germanium) Enhanced Bohrs atommodell of Ge (Germanium) Bohrs atommodell: Ge (Germanium) Orbital Diagram of Ge (Germanium)

Egenskaper

atomradie
125 pm
molvolym
13,6 cm³/mol
kovalent radie
121 pm
Metallic Radius
124 pm
ionic radius
73 pm
Crystal Radius
87 pm
Van der Waalsradie
211 pm
densitet
5,3234 g/cm³
energi
proton affinity
Elektronaffinitet
1,232712 eV/particle
joniseringsenergi
7,899435 eV/particle
ångbildningsvärme
328 kJ/mol
smältvärme
36,8 kJ/mol
Bildningsentalpi
372 kJ/mol
Electrons
electron shell2, 8, 18, 4
valenselektron4
elektronkonfiguration[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
oxidationstal-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
elektronegativitet
2.01
Electrophilicity
1,5636638275958255 eV/particle
Phases
aggregationstillståndFast
Gas Phase
Kokpunkt
3 106,15 K
Smältpunkt
1 211,4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature
9 802,15 K
trippelpunkt
Visual
färg
Grå
appearancegrayish-white
Brytningsindex
materialegenskap
Värmeledningsförmåga
60,2 W/(m K)
termisk expansion
0,000006 1/K
molar heat capacity
23,222 J/(mol K)
Specifik värmekapacitet
0,32 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
typeSemiconductor
elektrisk konduktivitet
0,002 MS/m
resistivitet
0,0005 m Ω
supraledare
magnetism
typediamagnetic
magnetisk susceptibilitet (Mass)
−0,0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetisk susceptibilitet (Molar)
−0,000000000109 m³/mol
magnetisk susceptibilitet (Volume)
−0,00000798
magnetic ordering
Curiepunkten
Néel temperature
Structure
KristallstrukturYtcentrerat kubiskt (DIA)
Gitterkonstant
5,66 Å
Lattice Anglesπ/2, π/2, π/2
mekanisk materialegenskap
hårdhet
6 MPa
Kompressibilitet
skjuvmodul
Young's modulus
Poissons konstant
ljudhastighet
5 400 m/s
klassificering
KategoriMetalloid, Metalloids
CAS GroupIVB
IUPAC GroupIVA
Glawe Number84
Mendeleev Number89
Pettifor Number84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classificationchalcophile
övrigt
Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability
40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
354 a₀
Allotropes
Träffyta
2,2
Neutron Mass Absorption
0,0011
kvanttal3P0
rymdgrupp225 (Fm_3m)

Germaniumisotoper

Stabila isotoper5
Instabila isotoper28
Radioactive Isotopes28

58Ge

natural abundance
relative atomic mass
57,991863 ± 0,000537 Da
masstal58
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum
Paritet+
58Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
2p (2-proton emission)%

59Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
58,982426 ± 0,000429 Da
masstal59
g-factor
Halveringstid
13,3 ± 1,7 ms
Spinn7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum2015
Paritet-
59Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)93%
2p (2-proton emission)0.2%

60Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
59,970445 ± 0,000322 Da
masstal60
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
21 ± 6 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum2005
Paritet+
60Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)100%
2p (2-proton emission)14%

61Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
60,963725 ± 0,000322 Da
masstal61
g-factor
Halveringstid
40,7 ± 0,4 ms
Spinn3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1987
Paritet-
61Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)87%

62Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
61,954761 ± 0,00015 Da
masstal62
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
82,5 ± 1,4 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1991
Paritet+
62Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)%

63Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
62,949628 ± 0,00004 Da
masstal63
g-factor
Halveringstid
153,6 ± 1,1 ms
Spinn3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1991
Paritet-
63Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)%

64Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
63,941689912 ± 0,000004 Da
masstal64
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
63,7 ± 2,5 s
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1972
Paritet+
64Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

65Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
64,939368136 ± 0,000002323 Da
masstal65
g-factor
Halveringstid
30,9 ± 0,5 s
Spinn3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1972
Paritet-
65Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission)0.011%

66Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
65,933862124 ± 0,000002577 Da
masstal66
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
2,26 ± 0,05 h
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1950
Paritet+
66Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

67Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
66,932716999 ± 0,000004636 Da
masstal67
g-factor
Halveringstid
18,9 ± 0,3 m
Spinn1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1950
Paritet-
67Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

68Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
67,928095305 ± 0,000002014 Da
masstal68
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
271,05 ± 0,08 d
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1948
Paritet+
68Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
ϵ (electron capture)100%

69Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
68,927964467 ± 0,000001414 Da
masstal69
g-factor
0,294 ± 0,0028
Halveringstid
39,05 ± 0,1 h
Spinn5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0,114 ± 0,007
upptäcktsdatum1938
Paritet-
69Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+)100%

70Ge

natural abundance
20,52 ± 0,19
relative atomic mass
69,924248542 ± 0,00000088 Da
masstal70
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1923
Paritet+

71Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
70,92495212 ± 0,000000874 Da
masstal71
g-factor
Halveringstid
11,43 ± 0,03 d
Spinn1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1941
Paritet-
71Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
ϵ (electron capture)100%

72Ge

natural abundance
27,45 ± 0,15
relative atomic mass
71,922075824 ± 0,000000081 Da
masstal72
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1923
Paritet+

73Ge

natural abundance
7,76 ± 0,08
relative atomic mass
72,923458954 ± 0,000000061 Da
masstal73
g-factor
−0,19516444444444 ± 0,000011111111111111
Halveringstid
Spinn9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
−0,196 ± 0,001
upptäcktsdatum1933
Paritet+

74Ge

natural abundance
36,52 ± 0,12
relative atomic mass
73,92117776 ± 0,000000013 Da
masstal74
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1923
Paritet+

75Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
74,92285837 ± 0,000000055 Da
masstal75
g-factor
1,018 ± 0,01
Halveringstid
82,78 ± 0,04 m
Spinn1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1939
Paritet-
75Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

76Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
7,75 ± 0,12
relative atomic mass
75,921402725 ± 0,000000019 Da
masstal76
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
1,88 ± 0,08 Zy
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1933
Paritet+
76Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
2β− (double β− decay)100%

77Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
76,923549843 ± 0,000000056 Da
masstal77
g-factor
Halveringstid
11,211 ± 0,003 h
Spinn7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1939
Paritet+
77Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

78Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
77,922852911 ± 0,000003795 Da
masstal78
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
88 ± 1 m
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1953
Paritet+
78Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

79Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
78,925359506 ± 0,000039893 Da
masstal79
g-factor
Halveringstid
18,98 ± 0,03 s
Spinn1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1970
Paritet
79Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

80Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
79,925350773 ± 0,000002205 Da
masstal80
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
29,5 ± 0,4 s
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1972
Paritet+
80Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

81Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
80,928832941 ± 0,000002205 Da
masstal81
g-factor
Halveringstid
9 ± 2 s
Spinn9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1972
Paritet+
81Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

82Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
81,929774031 ± 0,000002405 Da
masstal82
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
4,31 ± 0,19 s
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1972
Paritet+
82Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%

83Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
82,9345391 ± 0,000002604 Da
masstal83
g-factor
Halveringstid
1,85 ± 0,06 s
Spinn5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1972
Paritet+
83Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)%

84Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
83,93757509 ± 0,000003403 Da
masstal84
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
951 ± 9 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1972
Paritet+
84Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)10.6%

85Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
84,942969658 ± 0,000004003 Da
masstal85
g-factor
Halveringstid
495 ± 5 ms
Spinn3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1991
Paritet+
85Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

86Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
85,946967 ± 0,00047 Da
masstal86
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
221,6 ± 11 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1994
Paritet+
86Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)45%

87Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
86,953204 ± 0,000322 Da
masstal87
g-factor
Halveringstid
103 ± 4 ms
Spinn5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1997
Paritet+
87Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

88Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
87,957574 ± 0,000429 Da
masstal88
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
61 ± 6 ms
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum1997
Paritet+
88Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)100%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

89Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
88,96453 ± 0,000429 Da
masstal89
g-factor
Halveringstid
Spinn3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
upptäcktsdatum1997
Paritet+
89Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

90Ge

natural abundanceRadioactive ☢️
relative atomic mass
89,969436 ± 0,000537 Da
masstal90
g-factor
0
Halveringstid
Spinn0
nuclear quadrupole moment
0
upptäcktsdatum2010
Paritet+
90Ge Decay Modes
decay modeIntensitet
β− (β− decay)%
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission)%
2n (2-neutron emission)%

historia

upptäckare eller uppfinnareClemens Winkler
fyndplatsGermany
upptäcktsdatum1886
etymologiLatin: Germania (Germany).
uttaljer-MAY-ni-em (engelska)

Sources

Förekomst
Abundance in Earth's crust
1,5 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans
0,00005 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body
Abundance in Meteor
0,0021 %
Abundance in Sun
0,00002 %
Abundance in Universe
0,00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1s0.7063
2p3.9178
2s8.6352
3d15.7487
3p14.9864
3s14.2103
4p25.2196
4s23.9564
Germanium on ChemicalAid