Германий (Ge)

chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32

Atomic Number	32
Atomic Weight	72.63
Адади массавӣ	74

Group	14
Period	4
Block	p

proton	32 p⁺
neutron	42 n⁰
electron	32 e^-

Хусусияти Физикӣ

Atomic Radius	125 pm 234 pm
molar volume	13,6 cm³/mol
covalent radius	121 pm 111 pm 114 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	124 pm 144 pm
ionic radius	73 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Crystal Radius	87 pm 53 pm 67 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm 427 pm 211 pm 244 pm 211 pm 428 pm
зичӣ	5,3234 g/cm³ 5 600 kg/m³

Chemical Property

энергия

proton affinity
electron affinity	1,232712 eV/particle
ionization energy	7,899435 eV/particle 15,93461 eV/particle 34,0576 eV/particle 45,715 eV/particle 90,5 eV/particle 115,9 eV/particle 144,9 eV/particle 176,4 eV/particle 212,5 eV/particle 252,1 eV/particle 286 eV/particle 326 eV/particle 367 eV/particle 407 eV/particle 527,9 eV/particle 567,29 eV/particle 609,06 eV/particle 662,8 eV/particle 710 eV/particle 744 eV/particle 837,1 eV/particle 880,444 eV/particle 2 180,1 eV/particle 2 304 eV/particle 2 439 eV/particle 2 575 eV/particle 2 737,2 eV/particle 2 881,9 eV/particle 3 074 eV/particle 3 194,293 eV/particle 13 557,4202 eV/particle 14 119,429 eV/particle

enthalpy of vaporization	328 kJ/mol
гармои гудозиш	36,8 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	372 kJ/mol
electron

Абри электронӣ	2, 8, 18, 4

valence electron	4 ⓘ

electron configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

oxidation number	-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
electronegativity	11,8 eV/particle 0.1895892 2.01
Electrophilicity Index	1,5636638275958255 eV/particle
fundamental state of matter

phase of matter	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	3 106,15 K
Melting Point	1 211,4 K
critical pressure
critical temperature	9 802,15 K
triple point
appearance
Ранг	Gray #ff1493 #668f8f #668f8f
appearance	grayish-white
refractive index
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity	60,2 W/(m K)
thermal expansion	0,000006 1/K
molar heat capacity	23,222 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0,32 Ҷ/(г⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
навъ	Semiconductor
electrical conductivity	0,002 MS/m
electrical resistivity	0,0005 Ω*m
superconductivity
magnetism
навъ	diamagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	-0,0000000015 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	-0,000000000109 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	-0,00000798
magnetic ordering
Curie temperature
Néel temperature
сохт
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (DIA)
lattice constant	5,66 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hardness	6 MPa
bulk modulus
shear modulus
Young's modulus
Poisson's ratio
speed of sound	5 400 m/s
classification
Category	Metalloids, Metalloids
CAS Group	IVB
IUPAC Group	IVA
Glawe Number	84
Mendeleev Number	89
Pettifor Number	84
Geochemical Class
Goldschmidt classification	chalcophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	40 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	354 a₀ 365 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	2,2
Neutron Mass Absorption	0,0011
ададҳои квантӣ	3P0
space group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Germanium

Stable Isotopes	4
Unstable Isotopes	29
Natural Isotopes	5

⁵⁸Ge

Адади массавӣ	58
neutron number	26
Relative Atomic Mass	57,991863 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2p (2-proton emission)

⁵⁹Ge

Адади массавӣ	59
neutron number	27
Relative Atomic Mass	58,982426 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	13,3 ± 1,7 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
таърихи кашф	2015
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93%
2p (2-proton emission)	0.2%

⁶⁰Ge

Адади массавӣ	60
neutron number	28
Relative Atomic Mass	59,970445 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	21 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	2005
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	100%
2p (2-proton emission)	14%

⁶¹Ge

Адади массавӣ	61
neutron number	29
Relative Atomic Mass	60,963725 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	40,7 ± 0,4 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
таърихи кашф	1987
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	87%

⁶²Ge

Адади массавӣ	62
neutron number	30
Relative Atomic Mass	61,954761 ± 0,00015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	82,5 ± 1,4 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶³Ge

Адади массавӣ	63
neutron number	31
Relative Atomic Mass	62,949628 ± 0,00004 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	153,6 ± 1,1 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
таърихи кашф	1991
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

⁶⁴Ge

Адади массавӣ	64
neutron number	32
Relative Atomic Mass	63,941689912 ± 0,000004 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	63,7 ± 2,5 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁵Ge

Адади массавӣ	65
neutron number	33
Relative Atomic Mass	64,939368136 ± 0,000002323 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	30,9 ± 0,5 s
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
таърихи кашф	1972
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.011%

⁶⁶Ge

Адади массавӣ	66
neutron number	34
Relative Atomic Mass	65,933862124 ± 0,000002577 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	2,26 ± 0,05 h
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1950
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁷Ge

Адади массавӣ	67
neutron number	35
Relative Atomic Mass	66,932716999 ± 0,000004636 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	18,9 ± 0,3 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1950
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁶⁸Ge

Адади массавӣ	68
neutron number	36
Relative Atomic Mass	67,928095305 ± 0,000002014 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	271,05 ± 0,08 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1948
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁶⁹Ge

Адади массавӣ	69
neutron number	37
Relative Atomic Mass	68,927964467 ± 0,000001414 Da
g-factor	0,294 ± 0,0028
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	39,05 ± 0,1 h
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0,114 ± 0,007
таърихи кашф	1938
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁰Ge

Адади массавӣ	70
neutron number	38
Relative Atomic Mass	69,924248542 ± 0,00000088 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20,52 ± 0,19
radioactivity	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1923
parity	+

⁷¹Ge

Адади массавӣ	71
neutron number	39
Relative Atomic Mass	70,92495212 ± 0,000000874 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	11,43 ± 0,03 d
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1941
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁷²Ge

Адади массавӣ	72
neutron number	40
Relative Atomic Mass	71,922075824 ± 0,000000081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	27,45 ± 0,15
radioactivity	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1923
parity	+

⁷³Ge

Адади массавӣ	73
neutron number	41
Relative Atomic Mass	72,923458954 ± 0,000000061 Da
g-factor	-0,19516444444444 ± 0,000011111111111111
natural abundance	7,76 ± 0,08
radioactivity	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	-0,196 ± 0,001
таърихи кашф	1933
parity	+

⁷⁴Ge

Адади массавӣ	74
neutron number	42
Relative Atomic Mass	73,92117776 ± 0,000000013 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	36,52 ± 0,12
radioactivity	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1923
parity	+

⁷⁵Ge

Адади массавӣ	75
neutron number	43
Relative Atomic Mass	74,92285837 ± 0,000000055 Da
g-factor	1,018 ± 0,01
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	82,78 ± 0,04 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1939
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁶Ge

Адади массавӣ	76
neutron number	44
Relative Atomic Mass	75,921402725 ± 0,000000019 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	7,75 ± 0,12
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	1,88 ± 0,08 Zy
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1933
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁷Ge

Адади массавӣ	77
neutron number	45
Relative Atomic Mass	76,923549843 ± 0,000000056 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	11,211 ± 0,003 h
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
таърихи кашф	1939
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁸Ge

Адади массавӣ	78
neutron number	46
Relative Atomic Mass	77,922852911 ± 0,000003795 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	88 ± 1 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1953
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁷⁹Ge

Адади массавӣ	79
neutron number	47
Relative Atomic Mass	78,925359506 ± 0,000039893 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	18,98 ± 0,03 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1970
parity

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁰Ge

Адади массавӣ	80
neutron number	48
Relative Atomic Mass	79,925350773 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	29,5 ± 0,4 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸¹Ge

Адади массавӣ	81
neutron number	49
Relative Atomic Mass	80,928832941 ± 0,000002205 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	9 ± 2 s
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
таърихи кашф	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸²Ge

Адади массавӣ	82
neutron number	50
Relative Atomic Mass	81,929774031 ± 0,000002405 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	4,31 ± 0,19 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Ge

Адади массавӣ	83
neutron number	51
Relative Atomic Mass	82,9345391 ± 0,000002604 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	1,85 ± 0,06 s
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
таърихи кашф	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

⁸⁴Ge

Адади массавӣ	84
neutron number	52
Relative Atomic Mass	83,93757509 ± 0,000003403 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	951 ± 9 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1972
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	10.6%

⁸⁵Ge

Адади массавӣ	85
neutron number	53
Relative Atomic Mass	84,942969658 ± 0,000004003 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	495 ± 5 ms
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
таърихи кашф	1991
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	17.2%
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁶Ge

Адади массавӣ	86
neutron number	54
Relative Atomic Mass	85,946967 ± 0,00047 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	221,6 ± 11 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1994
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	45%

⁸⁷Ge

Адади массавӣ	87
neutron number	55
Relative Atomic Mass	86,953204 ± 0,000322 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	103 ± 4 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
таърихи кашф	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁸Ge

Адади массавӣ	88
neutron number	56
Relative Atomic Mass	87,957574 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	61 ± 6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁸⁹Ge

Адади массавӣ	89
neutron number	57
Relative Atomic Mass	88,96453 ± 0,000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
таърихи кашф	1997
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

⁹⁰Ge

Адади массавӣ	90
neutron number	58
Relative Atomic Mass	89,969436 ± 0,000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
таърихи кашф	2010
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)
2n (2-neutron emission)

таърих

кошиф	Clemens Winkler
макони кашф	Germany
таърихи кашф	1886
Решашиносӣ	Latin: Germania (Germany).
pronunciation	jer-MAY-ni-em (Англисӣ)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	1,5 mg/kg
natural abundance (Уқёнус)	0,00005 mg/L
natural abundance (human body)
natural abundance (meteoroid)	0,0021 %
natural abundance (Офтоб)	0,00002 %
Abundance in Universe	0,00002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7063
2	p	3.9178
2	s	8.6352
3	d	15.7487
3	p	14.9864
3	s	14.2103
4	p	25.2196
4	s	23.9564

Германий on ChemicalAid

Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3524
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	germanium
CAS Registry Number	7440-56-4
ChEBI ID	30441
ChemSpider ID	4885606
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID5031056
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID8052483
Den Store Danske ID	germanium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.331
Elhuyar ZTH ID	024624
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	germanium
French Vikidia ID	Germanium
Golden ID	Germanium-98MM
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0111877
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2354288
HSDB ID	2118
InChI	InChI=1S/Ge
InChIKey	GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Germanium
NDF-RT ID	N0000176163
NDL Authority ID	00562424
Namuwiki ID	저마늄
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007565426605171
OpenAlex ID	C550623735
OpenAlex ID	C2909614401
PubChem CID	6326954
RxNorm ID	4784
Store norske leksikon ID	germanium
Treccani ID	germanio
UMLS CUI	C0017479
UNII	00072J7XWS
USGS Thesaurus ID	1463
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14662695-n
YSO ID	22858
ZVG number	8270
коди BNF	122010330
коди LCNAF	sh85054449
мазмун дар ОмегаВики	159569
рамзи BNCF	21205
рамзи MeSH	D005857
рамзи NKC	ph927791
рамзи PSH	5798
рамзи ТСА	300380222
шиносаи Freebase	/m/025rs3d
шиносаи GND	4135644-5

Германий (Ge)

Хусусияти Физикӣ

Chemical Property

other

Isotopes of Germanium

58Ge

59Ge

60Ge

61Ge

62Ge

63Ge

64Ge

65Ge

66Ge

67Ge

68Ge

69Ge

70Ge

71Ge

72Ge

73Ge

74Ge

75Ge

76Ge

77Ge

78Ge

79Ge

80Ge

81Ge

82Ge

83Ge

84Ge

85Ge

86Ge

87Ge

88Ge

89Ge

90Ge

таърих

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

⁵⁸Ge

⁵⁹Ge

⁶⁰Ge

⁶¹Ge

⁶²Ge

⁶³Ge

⁶⁴Ge

⁶⁵Ge

⁶⁶Ge

⁶⁷Ge

⁶⁸Ge

⁶⁹Ge

⁷⁰Ge

⁷¹Ge

⁷²Ge

⁷³Ge

⁷⁴Ge

⁷⁵Ge

⁷⁶Ge

⁷⁷Ge

⁷⁸Ge

⁷⁹Ge

⁸⁰Ge

⁸¹Ge

⁸²Ge

⁸³Ge

⁸⁴Ge

⁸⁵Ge

⁸⁶Ge

⁸⁷Ge

⁸⁸Ge

⁸⁹Ge

⁹⁰Ge