Lithium (Li)

Lithium is the 3rd element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Li and atomic number of 3. It has an atomic weight of 6.940 and a mass number of 7. Lithium has three protons and four neutrons in its nucleus, and three electrons in two shells. It is located in group one, period two and block s of the periodic table. Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.

Atomic Number	3
Atomic Weight	6.94
Mass Number	7

Group	1
Period	2
Block	s

Protons	3 p⁺
Neutrons	4 n⁰
Electrons	3 e^-

Physical Properties

Atomic Radius	145 pm 220 pm
Molar Volume	13.1 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	133 pm 124 pm 150 pm 128 pm
Metallic Radius	123 pm 155 pm
Ionic Radius	59 pm 76 pm 92 pm
Crystal Radius	73 pm 90 pm 106 pm
Van der Waals Radius	220 pm 181 pm 182 pm 255 pm 245.1 pm
Density	0.534 g/cm³ 512 kg/m³

Chemical Properties

Energy

Proton Affinity
Electron Affinity	0.618049 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	5.391714761 eV/particle 75.6400937 eV/particle 122.4543538 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	148 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	2.89 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	159.3 kJ/mol
Electrons

Electron Shells	2, 1

Valence Electrons	1 ⓘ

Electron Configuration	[He] 2s¹ⓘ 1s² 2s¹

Oxidation States	0, 1
Electronegativity	5.392 eV/particle 0.105093 0.98
Electrophilicity Index	0.9457422835847783 eV/particle
States of Matter

Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	1,615.15 K
Melting Point	453.65 K
Critical Pressure	67 MPa
Critical Temperature	3,223.15 K
Triple Point
Visual
Lithium is a Silver. Li has a CPK of #b22222, Jmol of #cc80ff, and MOLCAS GV of #cc80ff. The Appearance of Element 3 is silvery-white.
Color	Silver #b22222 #cc80ff #cc80ff
Appearance	silvery-white
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	84.8 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.000046 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	24.86 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	3.582 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	11 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.00000009400000000002 Ω*m
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Type	paramagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	0.0000000256 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	0.000000000178 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	0.0000137
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
The Crystal Structure of Lithium is BCC. The lattice constant of Li is 3.49 Å. The lattice angles of Element 3 are π/2, π/2, π/2.
Crystal Structure	Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
Lattice Constant	3.49 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties
Lithium has a Mohs hardness of 0.6 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Li is 11 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 3 is 4.2 GPa. The Young Modulus of Lithium (Li) is 4.9 GPa. The Speed of Sound of Lithium is 6000 m/s.
Hardness	0.6 MPa
Bulk Modulus	11 GPa
Shear Modulus	4.2 GPa
Young's Modulus	4.9 GPa
Poisson Ratio
Speed of Sound	6,000 m/s
Classification
The CAS Group of Lithium is IA. The IUPAC Group of Li is IA. The Glawe Number of Element 3 is 12. The Mendeleev Number of Lithium (Li) is 1. The Pettifor Number of Lithium is 12. The Geochemical Class of Li is alkali metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 3 is litophile.
Category	Alkali metals, Alkali metals
CAS Group	IA
IUPAC Group	IA
Glawe Number	12
Mendeleev Number	1
Pettifor Number	12
Geochemical Class	alkali metal
Goldschmidt Class	litophile

Other

The Dipole Polarizability of Lithium is 164.1125 plus or minus 0.0005 a₀. Li has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 1392 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 1410 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 3 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Lithium (Li) is 71. The Quantum Numbers of Lithium is 2S1/2. The Space Group of Li is 229 (Im_3m).

Gas Basicity
Dipole Polarizability	164.1125 ± 0.0005 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	1,392 a₀ 1,410 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	71
Neutron Mass Absorption
Quantum Numbers	2S1/2
Space Group	229 (Im_3m)

Isotopes of Lithium

Stable Isotopes	2
Unstable Isotopes	9
Natural Isotopes	2

³Li

Mass Number	3
Neutron Number	0
Relative Atomic Mass	3.030775 ± 0.002147 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)

⁴Li

Mass Number	4
Neutron Number	1
Relative Atomic Mass	4.027185561 ± 0.000227733 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	91 ± 9 ys
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1965
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	100%

⁵Li

Mass Number	5
Neutron Number	2
Relative Atomic Mass	5.0125378 ± 0.000053677 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	370 ± 30 ys
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1941
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	100%

⁶Li

Mass Number	6
Neutron Number	3
Relative Atomic Mass	6.01512288742 ± 0.00000000155 Da
G-Factor	0.822043 ± 0.000003
Abundance	4.85 ± 1.71
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment	-0.000806 ± 0.000006
Discovery Year	1921
Parity	+

⁷Li

Mass Number	7
Neutron Number	4
Relative Atomic Mass	7.01600343426 ± 0.0000000045 Da
G-Factor	2.170938 ± 0.000008
Abundance	95.15 ± 1.71
Radioactivity	Stable
Half Life	Not Radioactive ☢️
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.04 ± 0.0003
Discovery Year	1921
Parity	-

⁸Li

Mass Number	8
Neutron Number	5
Relative Atomic Mass	8.022486244 ± 0.00000005 Da
G-Factor	0.82675 ± 0.00001
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	838.7 ± 0.3 ms
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment	0.0314 ± 0.0002
Discovery Year	1935
Parity	+

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻α (β⁻-delayed α emission)	100%

⁹Li

Mass Number	9
Neutron Number	6
Relative Atomic Mass	9.026790191 ± 0.0000002 Da
G-Factor	2.2911066666667 ± 0.00004
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	178.2 ± 0.4 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.0304 ± 0.0002
Discovery Year	1951
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	50.5%

¹⁰Li

Mass Number	10
Neutron Number	7
Relative Atomic Mass	10.035483453 ± 0.000013656 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	2 ± 0.5 zs
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1975
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
n (neutron emission)	100%

¹¹Li

Mass Number	11
Neutron Number	8
Relative Atomic Mass	11.043723581 ± 0.00000066 Da
G-Factor	2.4474 ± 0.00013333333333333
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	8.75 ± 0.06 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	-0.0333 ± 0.0005
Discovery Year	1966
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	86.3%
2n (2-neutron emission)	4.1%
3n (3-neutron emission)	1.9%
β⁻α (β⁻-delayed α emission)	1.7%
β⁻ d (β⁻-delayed deuteron emission)	0.013%
β⁻ t (β⁻-delayed triton emission)	0.0093%

¹²Li

Mass Number	12
Neutron Number	9
Relative Atomic Mass	12.052613942 ± 0.000032213 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2008
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
n (neutron emission)

¹³Li

Mass Number	13
Neutron Number	10
Relative Atomic Mass	13.061171503 ± 0.00007515 Da
G-Factor
Abundance
Radioactivity	☢️ Radioactive
Half Life	3.3 ± 1.2 zs
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2008
Parity	-

Decay Mode	Intensity
2n (2-neutron emission)	100%

History

Lithium was discovered by Johann Arfvedson in 1817 when he was analyzing minerals from the island of Uto in Sweden. The pure metal was isolated the following year by both Swedish chemist William Thomas Brande and English chemist Sir Humphry Davy working independently. In 1855, larger quantities of lithium were produced through the electrolysis of lithium chloride by Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen. From the Greek word lithos, stone

Discoverers	Johann Arfwedson
Discovery Location	Sweden
Discovery Year	1817
Etymology (Name Origin)	Greek: lithos (stone).
Pronunciation	LITH-i-em (English)

Lithium is corrosive and requires special handling to avoid skin contact

Lithium is the only metal which reacts with nitrogen under normal conditions

Uses

Pure lithium metal is used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. Metallic lithium and its complex hydrides are used as high energy additives to rocket propellants. Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics. Some is used in lubricants.

Sources

Obtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)].

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	20 mg/kg
Natural Abundance (Oceans)	0.18 mg/L
Natural Abundance (Human Body)	0.000003 %
Natural Abundance (Meteor)	0.00017 %
Natural Abundance (Sun)	0.000000006 %
Abundance in Universe	0.0000006 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.3094
2	s	1.7208

Also Known As

Li
element 3
3Li

Translations

GermanLithium
Frenchlithium
Italianlitio
Norwegian Bokmållitium
Polishlit
Esperantolitio
Russianлитий
Spanishlitio
Dutchlithium
Chinese (Traditional)鋰
Afrikaanslitium
Gujaratiલિથિયમ
Amharicሊቲየም
Aragoneselitio
Arabicليثيوم
Asturianlitiu
Azerbaijanilitium
Belarusianлітый
Bulgarianлитий
Banglaলিথিয়াম
Bretonlitiom
Bosnianlitij
Catalanliti
CherokeeᎵᏘᎥᎻ
Central Kurdishلیسیۆم
Corsicanlitiu
Czechlithium
Chuvashлити
Welshlithiwm
Danishlithium
Greekλίθιο
Estonianliitium
Basquelitio
Persianلیتیم
Finnishlitium
Faroeselithium
Northern Frisianliitsium
Friulianliti
Western Frisianlitium
Irishlitiam
Galicianlitio
Guaranilitio
Manxlitçhey
Hakka ChineseLithium
Hawaiianlikiuma
Hebrewליתיום
Hindiलिथियम
Fiji Hindilithium
Croatianlitij
Upper Sorbianlitium
Haitian Creolelityòm
Hungarianlítium
Armenianլիթիում
Interlingualithium
Indonesianlitium
Idolitio
Icelandiclitín
Japaneseリチウム
Lojbanroksodna
Javaneselitium
Georgianლითიუმი
Kannadaಲಿಥಿಯಮ್
Korean리튬
ColognianLithium
Kurdishlîtyûm
Komiлитий
Latinlithium
LuxembourgishLithium
Ligurianlittio
Lingalalitu
Lithuanianlitis
Latvianlitijs
Macedonianлитиум
Malayalamലിഥിയം
Marathiलिथियम
Western Mariлитий
Malaylitium
Burmeseလီသီယမ်
Low GermanLithium
Nepaliलिथियम
Newariलिथियम
Norwegian Nynorsklitium
Occitanliti
Punjabiਲਿਥੀਅਮ
Papiamentolithium
Piedmonteselitio
Western Panjabiلیتھیم
Ponticλίθιον
Portugueselítio
Quechualityu
Romanianlitiu
Sanskritलीथियम्
Yakutлитиум
Serbo-Croatianlitij
Sinhalaලිතියම්
Slovaklítium
Slovenianlitij
Albanianlitiumi
Serbianлитијум
Saterland FrisianLithium
Sundaneselitium
Swedishlitium
Swahililithi
Tamilஇலித்தியம்
Teluguలిథియం
Thaiลิเทียม
Tagaloglityo
Turkishlityum
TatarЛитий
Uyghurلىتىي
Ukrainianлітій
Urduسنگصر
Uzbeklitiy
Vepslitii
Vietnameseliti
Walloonlitiom
Waraylityo
Kalmykлитион
Yiddishליטיום
Yorubalithium
Chinese锂
English (Canada)lithium
English (United Kingdom)lithium
German (Switzerland)Lithium
Portuguese (Brazil)lítio
Cantonese鋰
Kazakhлитий
Cebuanolitio
Odiaଲିଥିୟମ
Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)鋰
Chinese (China)锂
Kikuyulithium
Min Nan Chineselî-sò͘
Somaliliithiyaam
Literary Chinese鋰
Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)літ
Aromanianlithiu
Sicilianlitiu
Scotslithium
Kyrgyzлитий
cdolī
LimburgishLithium
Scottish Gaeliclitium
Lombardlitio
Malteselitju
Paliलिथियम
Gan Chinese鋰
Mongolianлити
Bhojpuriलिथियम
Tibetanརྡོ་རྫས།
Lingua Franca Novalitio
Wu Chinese锂
ololitium
azbلیتیوم
Khmerលីចូម
kbplɩtɩyɔm
Shonalithium
Mingrelianლითიუმი
Chinese (Taiwan)鋰
Tajikлитий
hywՂիթիոն
Chinese (Simplified)锂
Sardinianlìtiu
Santaliᱞᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱢ
Chinese (Singapore)锂
Chinese (Malaysia)锂
Chinese (Macao SAR China)鋰
Venetianlitio
Moroccan Arabicليثيوم
Bashkirлитий
Assameseলিথিয়াম
Egyptian Arabicليثيوم
Pashtoليتيوم
Bikollityo
lldlitie
Cornishlithiom
Manipuriꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯝ
Erzyaлитий
Balineselitium
Malay (Arabic)ليتيوم
Tachelhitalityum
Buriatлити
Silesianlit
Kashmiriلیٖتھِیَم
blkလီတီယမ်
Korean (North Korea)리티움
Sindhiلتھيئم
ZuluumThanya
TumbukaLithyamu
OromoLitiyeemii

Lithium on ChemicalAid

AGROVOC ID	c_4386
Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300380205
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3538
BNCF Thesaurus ID	25271
Biblioteca Nacional de España ID	XX531331
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	119338639
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	lithium
CAB ID	18777
CAS Registry Number	7439-93-2
ChEBI ID	30146
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID101012138
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID5036761
Den Store Danske ID	lithium
DrugBank ID	01356
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.274
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/lithium-chemical-element
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	lithium
Freebase ID	/m/025rzqx
French Vikidia ID	Lithium
GND ID	4036037-4
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	2147453
HCIS ID	2753
HSDB ID	647
ICSC ID	0710
IEDB Epitope ID	114079
InChIKey	SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Italian Vikidia ID	Litio
KBpedia ID	Lithium
Klexikon article ID	Lithium
Krugosvet article	nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/LITI.html
Latvian National Encyclopedia Online ID	63362
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85077577
MeSH descriptor ID	D008094
NALT ID	6404
NDL Authority ID	00569575
NE.se ID	litium
NKCR AUT ID	ph514327
Namuwiki ID	리튬
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007531489505171
New York Times topic ID	subject/lithium-metal
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	7480
OpenAlex ID	C2994426979
PSH ID	5744
PubChem CID	3028194
Quora topic ID	Lithium
RxNorm ID	6448
STW Thesaurus for Economics ID	29832-3
Spanish Vikidia ID	Litio
Store norske leksikon ID	litium
Treccani ID	litio
UNII	9FN79X2M3F
USGS Thesaurus ID	1494
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14667971-n
YSO ID	29475
ZVG number	8010