Lithium (Li)
Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
| Atomic Number | 3 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 6.94 |
| Mass Number | 7 |
| Group | 1 |
|---|---|
| Period | 2 |
| Block | s |
| Protons | 3 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 4 n0 |
| Electrons | 3 e- |
Properties
| Atomic Radius | 145 pm
|
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | 13.1 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 133 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | 123 pm
|
| Ionic Radius | 59 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 73 pm
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
182 pm
|
| Density | 0.534 g/cm³
|
| Energy | |
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | 0.618049 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Energy | 5.391714761 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 148 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 2.89 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 159.3 kJ/mol
|
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 1 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 1 |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [He] 2s1 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | 0, 1 |
| Electronegativity |
0.98
|
| Electrophilicity | 0.9457422835847783 eV/particle
|
| Phases | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Gas Phase | |
| Boiling Point | 1,615.15 K
|
| Melting Point | 453.65 K
|
| Critical Pressure | 67 MPa
|
| Critical Temperature | 3,223.15 K
|
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
| Color | Silver
|
| Appearance | silvery-white |
| Refractive Index | |
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | 84.8 W/(m K)
|
| Thermal Expansion | 0.000046 1/K
|
| Molar Heat Capacity | 24.86 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 3.582 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | Conductor |
| Electrical Conductivity | 11 MS/m
|
| Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000009400000000002 m Ω
|
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | paramagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000256 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000000178 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0000137
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
| Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
| Lattice Constant | 3.49 Å
|
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
| Hardness |
0.6 MPa
|
| Bulk Modulus | 11 GPa
|
| Shear Modulus | 4.2 GPa
|
| Young Modulus | 4.9 GPa
|
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | 6,000 m/s
|
| Classification | |
| Category | Alkali metals, Alkali metals |
| CAS Group | IA |
| IUPAC Group | IA |
| Glawe Number | 12 |
| Mendeleev Number | 1 |
| Pettifor Number | 12 |
| Geochemical Class | alkali metal |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
| Other | |
| Gas Basicity | |
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 1,392 a₀
|
| Allotropes | |
| Neutron Cross Section | 71
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | |
| Quantum Numbers | 2S1/2 |
| Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Isotopes of Lithium
| Stable Isotopes | 2 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 9 |
| Radioactive Isotopes | 8 |
3Li
| Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 3 |
| G-Factor | |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | - |
3Li Decay Modes
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | % |
4Li
| Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 4 |
| G-Factor | |
| Half Life | 91 ± 9 ys
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1965 |
| Parity | - |
4Li Decay Modes
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
5Li
| Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 5 |
| G-Factor | |
| Half Life | 370 ± 30 ys
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1941 |
| Parity | - |
5Li Decay Modes
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
6Li
| Abundance | 4.85 ± 1.71
|
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 6 |
| G-Factor | 0.822043 ± 0.000003
|
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.000806 ± 0.000006
|
| Discovery Year | 1921 |
| Parity | + |
7Li
| Abundance | 95.15 ± 1.71
|
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 7 |
| G-Factor | 2.170938 ± 0.000008
|
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.04 ± 0.0003
|
| Discovery Year | 1921 |
| Parity | - |
8Li
| Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 8 |
| G-Factor | 0.82675 ± 0.00001
|
| Half Life | 838.7 ± 0.3 ms
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.0314 ± 0.0002
|
| Discovery Year | 1935 |
| Parity | + |
8Li Decay Modes
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β−α (β−-delayed α emission) | 100% |
9Li
| Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 9 |
| G-Factor | 2.2911066666667 ± 0.00004
|
| Half Life | 178.2 ± 0.4 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.0304 ± 0.0002
|
| Discovery Year | 1951 |
| Parity | - |
9Li Decay Modes
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 50.5% |
10Li
| Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 10 |
| G-Factor | |
| Half Life | 2 ± 0.5 zs
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1975 |
| Parity | - |
10Li Decay Modes
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) | 100% |
11Li
| Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 11 |
| G-Factor | 2.4474 ± 0.00013333333333333
|
| Half Life | 8.75 ± 0.06 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.0333 ± 0.0005
|
| Discovery Year | 1966 |
| Parity | - |
11Li Decay Modes
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 86.3% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 4.1% |
| 3n (3-neutron emission) | 1.9% |
| β−α (β−-delayed α emission) | 1.7% |
| β− d (β−-delayed deuteron emission) | 0.013% |
| β− t (β−-delayed triton emission) | 0.0093% |
12Li
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 12 |
| G-Factor | |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2008 |
| Parity | - |
12Li Decay Modes
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) | % |
13Li
| Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
|---|---|
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| Mass Number | 13 |
| G-Factor | |
| Half Life | 3.3 ± 1.2 zs
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2008 |
| Parity | - |
13Li Decay Modes
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 100% |
History
Lithium was discovered by Johann Arfvedson in 1817 when he was analyzing minerals from the island of Uto in Sweden. The pure metal was isolated the following year by both Swedish chemist William Thomas Brande and English chemist Sir Humphry Davy working independently. In 1855, larger quantities of lithium were produced through the electrolysis of lithium chloride by Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen. From the Greek word lithos, stone
| Discoverers | Johann Arfwedson |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | Sweden |
| Discovery Year | 1817 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: lithos (stone). |
| Pronunciation | LITH-i-em (English) |
Lithium is corrosive and requires special handling to avoid skin contact
Lithium is the only metal which reacts with nitrogen under normal conditions
Uses
Pure lithium metal is used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. Metallic lithium and its complex hydrides are used as high energy additives to rocket propellants. Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics. Some is used in lubricants.
Sources
Obtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)].
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 20 mg/kg
|
| Abundance in Oceans | 0.18 mg/L
|
| Abundance in Human Body | 0.000003 %
|
| Abundance in Meteor | 0.00017 %
|
| Abundance in Sun | 0.000000006 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0.0000006 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.3094 |
| 2 | s | 1.7208 |
