Lithium (Li)
Lithium is the 3rd element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Li and atomic number of 3. It has an atomic weight of 6.940 and a mass number of 7. Lithium has three protons and four neutrons in its nucleus, and three electrons in two shells. It is located in group one, period two and block s of the periodic table. Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
| Atomic Number | 3 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 6.94 |
| Mass Number | 7 |
| Group | 1 |
|---|---|
| Period | 2 |
| Block | s |
| Protons | 3 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 4 n0 |
| Electrons | 3 e- |
Properties
| Physical Properties | |
|---|---|
| Atomic Radius | 145 pm
|
| Molar Volume | 13.1 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 133 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | 123 pm
|
| Ionic Radius | 59 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 73 pm
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
182 pm
|
| Density | 0.534 g/cm³
|
| Energy | |
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | 0.618049 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Energy | 5.391714761 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 148 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 2.89 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 159.3 kJ/mol
|
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 1 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 1 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [He] 2s1ⓘ 1s2 2s1 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | 0, 1 |
| Electronegativity |
0.98
|
| Electrophilicity Index | 0.9457422835847783 eV/particle
|
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Gas Phase | |
| Boiling Point | 1,615.15 K
|
| Melting Point | 453.65 K
|
| Critical Pressure | 67 MPa
|
| Critical Temperature | 3,223.15 K
|
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Lithium is a Silver. Li has a CPK of #b22222, Jmol of #cc80ff, and MOLCAS GV of #cc80ff. The Appearance of Element 3 is silvery-white. | |
| Color | Silver
|
| Appearance | silvery-white |
| Refractive Index | |
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | 84.8 W/(m K)
|
| Thermal Expansion | 0.000046 1/K
|
| Molar Heat Capacity | 24.86 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 3.582 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | Conductor |
| Electrical Conductivity | 11 MS/m
|
| Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000009400000000002 m Ω
|
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | paramagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000256 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000000178 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0000137
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Lithium is BCC. The lattice constant of Li is 3.49 Å. The lattice angles of Element 3 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
| Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
| Lattice Constant | 3.49 Å
|
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
Lithium has a Mohs hardness of 0.6 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Li is 11 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 3 is 4.2 GPa. The Young Modulus of Lithium (Li) is 4.9 GPa. The Speed of Sound of Lithium is 6000 m/s. | |
| Hardness |
0.6 MPa
|
| Bulk Modulus | 11 GPa
|
| Shear Modulus | 4.2 GPa
|
| Young's Modulus | 4.9 GPa
|
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | 6,000 m/s
|
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Lithium is IA. The IUPAC Group of Li is IA. The Glawe Number of Element 3 is 12. The Mendeleev Number of Lithium (Li) is 1. The Pettifor Number of Lithium is 12. The Geochemical Class of Li is alkali metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 3 is litophile. | |
| Category | Alkali metals, Alkali metals |
| CAS Group | IA |
| IUPAC Group | IA |
| Glawe Number | 12 |
| Mendeleev Number | 1 |
| Pettifor Number | 12 |
| Geochemical Class | alkali metal |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
| Other | |
The Dipole Polarizability of Lithium is 164.1125 plus or minus 0.0005 a₀. Li has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 1392 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 1410 a₀. The Allotropes of Element 3 is . The Neutron Cross Section of Lithium (Li) is 71. The Quantum Numbers of Lithium is 2S1/2. The Space Group of Li is 229 (Im_3m). | |
| Gas Basicity | |
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 1,392 a₀
|
| Allotropes | |
| Neutron Cross Section | 71
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | |
| Quantum Numbers | 2S1/2 |
| Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Isotopes of Lithium
| Stable Isotopes | 2 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 9 |
| Radioactive Isotopes | 9 |
3Li
| Mass Number | 3 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 0 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) |
4Li
| Mass Number | 4 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 1 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 91 ± 9 ys
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1965 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
5Li
| Mass Number | 5 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 2 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 370 ± 30 ys
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1941 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
6Li
| Mass Number | 6 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 3 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.822043 ± 0.000003
|
| Abundance | 4.85 ± 1.71
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.000806 ± 0.000006
|
| Discovery Year | 1921 |
| Parity | + |
7Li
| Mass Number | 7 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 4 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 2.170938 ± 0.000008
|
| Abundance | 95.15 ± 1.71
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.04 ± 0.0003
|
| Discovery Year | 1921 |
| Parity | - |
8Li
| Mass Number | 8 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 5 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.82675 ± 0.00001
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 838.7 ± 0.3 ms
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0.0314 ± 0.0002
|
| Discovery Year | 1935 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β−α (β−-delayed α emission) | 100% |
9Li
| Mass Number | 9 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 6 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 2.2911066666667 ± 0.00004
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 178.2 ± 0.4 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.0304 ± 0.0002
|
| Discovery Year | 1951 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 50.5% |
10Li
| Mass Number | 10 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 7 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2 ± 0.5 zs
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1975 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) | 100% |
11Li
| Mass Number | 11 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 8 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 2.4474 ± 0.00013333333333333
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 8.75 ± 0.06 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.0333 ± 0.0005
|
| Discovery Year | 1966 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 86.3% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 4.1% |
| 3n (3-neutron emission) | 1.9% |
| β−α (β−-delayed α emission) | 1.7% |
| β− d (β−-delayed deuteron emission) | 0.013% |
| β− t (β−-delayed triton emission) | 0.0093% |
12Li
| Mass Number | 12 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 9 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2008 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| n (neutron emission) |
13Li
| Mass Number | 13 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 10 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 3.3 ± 1.2 zs
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2008 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2n (2-neutron emission) | 100% |
History
Lithium was discovered by Johann Arfvedson in 1817 when he was analyzing minerals from the island of Uto in Sweden. The pure metal was isolated the following year by both Swedish chemist William Thomas Brande and English chemist Sir Humphry Davy working independently. In 1855, larger quantities of lithium were produced through the electrolysis of lithium chloride by Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen. From the Greek word lithos, stone
| Discoverers | Johann Arfwedson |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | Sweden |
| Discovery Year | 1817 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: lithos (stone). |
| Pronunciation | LITH-i-em (English) |
Lithium is corrosive and requires special handling to avoid skin contact
Lithium is the only metal which reacts with nitrogen under normal conditions
Uses
Pure lithium metal is used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. Metallic lithium and its complex hydrides are used as high energy additives to rocket propellants. Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics. Some is used in lubricants.
Sources
Obtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)].
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 20 mg/kg
|
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | 0.18 mg/L
|
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0.000003 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.00017 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.000000006 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0.0000006 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.3094 |
| 2 | s | 1.7208 |
Also Known As
- Li
- element 3
- 3Li
Translations
- GermanLithium
- Frenchlithium
- Italianlitio
- Norwegian Bokmållitium
- Polishlit
- Esperantolitio
- Russianлитий
- Spanishlitio
- Dutchlithium
- Chinese (Traditional)鋰
- Afrikaanslitium
- Gujaratiલિથિયમ
- Amharicሊቲየም
- Aragoneselitio
- Arabicليثيوم
- Asturianlitiu
- Azerbaijanilitium
- Belarusianлітый
- Bulgarianлитий
- Banglaলিথিয়াম
- Bretonlitiom
- Bosnianlitij
- Catalanliti
- CherokeeᎵᏘᎥᎻ
- Central Kurdishلیسیۆم
- Corsicanlitiu
- Czechlithium
- Chuvashлити
- Welshlithiwm
- Danishlithium
- Greekλίθιο
- Estonianliitium
- Basquelitio
- Persianلیتیم
- Finnishlitium
- Faroeselithium
- Northern Frisianliitsium
- Friulianliti
- Western Frisianlitium
- Irishlitiam
- Galicianlitio
- Guaranilitio
- Manxlitçhey
- Hakka ChineseLithium
- Hawaiianlikiuma
- Hebrewליתיום
- Hindiलिथियम
- Fiji Hindilithium
- Croatianlitij
- Upper Sorbianlitium
- Haitian Creolelityòm
- Hungarianlítium
- Armenianլիթիում
- Interlingualithium
- Indonesianlitium
- Idolitio
- Icelandiclitín
- Japaneseリチウム
- Lojbanroksodna
- Javaneselitium
- Georgianლითიუმი
- Kannadaಲಿಥಿಯಮ್
- Korean리튬
- ColognianLithium
- Kurdishlîtyûm
- Komiлитий
- Latinlithium
- LuxembourgishLithium
- Ligurianlittio
- Lingalalitu
- Lithuanianlitis
- Latvianlitijs
- Macedonianлитиум
- Malayalamലിഥിയം
- Marathiलिथियम
- Western Mariлитий
- Malaylitium
- Burmeseလီသီယမ်
- Low GermanLithium
- Nepaliलिथियम
- Newariलिथियम
- Norwegian Nynorsklitium
- Occitanliti
- Punjabiਲਿਥੀਅਮ
- Papiamentolithium
- Piedmonteselitio
- pnbلیتھیم
- Ponticλίθιον
- Portugueselítio
- Quechualityu
- Romanianlitiu
- Sanskritलीथियम्
- Sakhaлитиум
- Serbo-Croatianlitij
- Sinhalaලිතියම්
- Slovaklítium
- Slovenianlitij
- Albanianlitiumi
- Serbianлитијум
- Saterland FrisianLithium
- Sundaneselitium
- Swedishlitium
- Swahililithi
- Tamilஇலித்தியம்
- Teluguలిథియం
- Thaiลิเทียม
- Tagaloglityo
- Turkishlityum
- TatarЛитий
- Uyghurلىتىي
- Ukrainianлітій
- Urduسنگصر
- Uzbeklitiy
- Vepslitii
- Vietnameseliti
- Walloonlitiom
- Waraylityo
- Kalmykлитион
- Yiddishליטיום
- Yorubalithium
- Chinese锂
- English (Canada)lithium
- English (United Kingdom)lithium
- German (Switzerland)Lithium
- Portuguese (Brazil)lítio
- Cantonese鋰
- Kazakhлитий
- Cebuanolitio
- Odiaଲିଥିୟମ
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)鋰
- Chinese (China)锂
- Kikuyulithium
- Min Nan Chineselî-sò͘
- Somaliliithiyaam
- Literary Chinese鋰
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)літ
- Aromanianlithiu
- Sicilianlitiu
- Scotslithium
- Kyrgyzлитий
- cdolī
- LimburgishLithium
- Scottish Gaeliclitium
- Lombardlitio
- Malteselitju
- Paliलिथियम
- Gan Chinese鋰
- Mongolianлити
- Bhojpuriलिथियम
- Tibetanརྡོ་རྫས།
- Lingua Franca Novalitio
- Wu Chinese锂
- ololitium
- azbلیتیوم
- Khmerលីចូម
- kbplɩtɩyɔm
- Shonalithium
- Mingrelianლითიუმი
- Chinese (Taiwan)鋰
- Tajikлитий
- hywՂիթիոն
- Chinese (Simplified)锂
- Sardinianlìtiu
- Santaliᱞᱤᱛᱷᱤᱭᱚᱢ
- Chinese (Singapore)锂
- Chinese (Malaysia)锂
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)鋰
- Venetianlitio
- Moroccan Arabicليثيوم
- Bashkirлитий
- Assameseলিথিয়াম
- Egyptian Arabicليثيوم
- Pashtoليتيوم
- bcllityo
- lldlitie
- Cornishlithiom
- Manipuriꯂꯤꯊꯤꯌꯝ
- Erzyaлитий
- Balineselitium
- Malay (Arabic)ليتيوم
- Tachelhitalityum
- bxrлити
- Silesianlit
- Kashmiriلیٖتھِیَم
- blkလီတီယမ်
- Korean (North Korea)리티움
- Sindhiلتھيئم
- ZuluumThanya
- TumbukaLithyamu
- OromoLitiyeemii
