Atomic Number | 94 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 244 |
Mass Number | 221 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 7 |
Block | f |
Protons | 94 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 127 n0 |
Electrons | 94 e- |
Atomic Radius | 175 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | |
Covalent Radius | 172 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 100 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 114 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
243 pm
|
Density | 19.7 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
---|---|
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | 6.0258 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 343.5 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 2.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 345 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 ⓘ |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f6 7s2ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p6 5f6 7s2 |
Oxidation States | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 |
Electronegativity |
1.3
|
Electrophilicity Index | |
States of Matter | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,501.15 K
|
Melting Point | 913.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Plutonium is a Silver. Pu has a CPK of #ffffff, Jmol of #006bff, and MOLCAS GV of #006bff. The Appearance of Element 94 is silvery white, tarnishing to dark gray in air. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white, tarnishing to dark gray in air |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | |
Specific Heat Capacity | |
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 0.67 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000015 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000317 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000007735 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0006282
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Plutonium is MCL. The lattice angles of Pu are π/2, 1.776571, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Monoclinic (MCL) |
Lattice Constant | |
Lattice Angles | π/2, 1.776571, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
The Shear Modulus of Plutonium is 43 GPa. The Young Modulus of Pu is 96 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Element 94 is 0.21. The Speed of Sound of Plutonium (Pu) is 2260 m/s. | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | 43 GPa
|
Young's Modulus | 96 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.21
|
Speed of Sound | 2,260 m/s
|
Classification | |
The Glawe Number of Plutonium is 38. The Mendeleev Number of Pu is 24. The Pettifor Number of Element 94 is 43. The Goldschmidt Class of Plutonium (Pu) is synthetic. | |
Category | Actinides, Actinides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 38 |
Mendeleev Number | 24 |
Pettifor Number | 43 |
Geochemical Class | |
Goldschmidt Class | synthetic |
The Dipole Polarizability of Plutonium is 132 plus or minus 20 a₀. The Allotropes of Pu is . The Neutron Cross Section of Element 94 is 1.7. The Quantum Numbers of Plutonium (Pu) is 7F0. The Space Group of Plutonium is 11 (P121/m1).
Gas Basicity | |
---|---|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 1.7
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | |
Quantum Numbers | 7F0 |
Space Group | 11 (P121/m1) |
Stable Isotopes | 0 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 27 |
Natural Isotopes | 0 |
Mass Number | 221 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 127 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | |
SF (spontaneous fission) |
Mass Number | 222 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 128 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | |
SF (spontaneous fission) |
Mass Number | 223 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 129 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | |
SF (spontaneous fission) |
Mass Number | 224 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 130 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | |
SF (spontaneous fission) |
Mass Number | 225 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 131 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | |
SF (spontaneous fission) |
Mass Number | 226 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 132 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | |
SF (spontaneous fission) |
Mass Number | 227 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 133 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) |
Mass Number | 228 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 134 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.1 ± 1.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) |
Mass Number | 229 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 135 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 91 ± 26 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 50% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 50% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 7% |
Mass Number | 230 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 136 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 105 ± 10 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) |
Mass Number | 231 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 137 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 8.6 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | |
α (α emission) | 13% |
Mass Number | 232 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 138 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 33.7 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | |
α (α emission) | 20% |
Mass Number | 233 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 139 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 20.9 ± 0.4 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.12% |
Mass Number | 234 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 140 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 8.8 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 94% |
α (α emission) | 6% |
Mass Number | 235 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 141 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 25.3 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.9972% |
α (α emission) | 0.0028% |
Mass Number | 236 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 142 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.858 ± 0.008 y
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 1.9% |
28Mg | 2% |
2β+ (double β+ decay) |
Mass Number | 237 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 143 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 45.64 ± 0.04 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 99.9958% |
α (α emission) | 0.0042% |
Mass Number | 238 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 144 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 87.7 ± 0.1 y
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 1.9% |
32Si | 1.4% |
30Mg | 6% |
Mass Number | 239 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 145 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.404 ± 0.008
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 24.11 ± 0.03 ky
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1946 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 3.1% |
Mass Number | 240 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 146 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 6.561 ± 0.007 ky
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 5.796% |
34Si | 1.3% |
Mass Number | 241 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 147 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | -0.2712 ± 0.0056
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 14.329 ± 0.029 y
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 6
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.00245% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 2.4% |
Mass Number | 242 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 148 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 375 ± 2 ky
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 5.51% |
Mass Number | 243 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 149 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 4.9553 ± 0.0025 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 244 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 150 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 81.3 ± 0.3 My
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 99.877% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 0.123% |
2β− (double β− decay) | 7.3% |
Mass Number | 245 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 151 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 10.5 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 246 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 152 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 10.84 ± 0.02 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Plutonium was first produced in 1940 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Joseph W. Kennedy and Arthur Wahl. Plutonium-238 was produced by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. The Berkeley team made neptunium-238 which decayed to plutonium-238. Named after the planet Pluto
Discoverers | G.T.Seaborg, J.W.Kennedy, E.M.McMillan, A.C.Wohl |
---|---|
Discovery Location | United States |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Named for the planet Pluto. |
Pronunciation | ploo-TOE-ni-em (English) |
Found rarely in some uranium ores. Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | |
Natural Abundance (Oceans) | |
Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0 %
|
Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0 %
|
Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0 %
|