Atomic Number | 94 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 244 |
Mass Number | 221 |
Group | |
---|---|
Period | 7 |
Block | f |
Protons | 94 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 127 n0 |
Electrons | 94 e- |
Atomic Radius | 175 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | |
Covalent Radius | 172 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 100 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 114 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
243 pm
|
Density | 19.7 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | 6.0258 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 343.5 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 2.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 345 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Rn] 5f6 7s2 |
Oxidation States | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 |
Electronegativity |
1.3
|
Electrophilicity | |
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,501.15 K
|
Melting Point | 913.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white, tarnishing to dark gray in air |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | |
Specific Heat Capacity | |
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 0.67 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000015 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000317 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000007735 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0006282
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Monoclinic (MCL) |
Lattice Constant | |
Lattice Angles | π/2, 1.776571, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | 43 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 96 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.21
|
Speed of Sound | 2,260 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Actinides, Actinides |
CAS Group | |
IUPAC Group | |
Glawe Number | 38 |
Mendeleev Number | 24 |
Pettifor Number | 43 |
Geochemical Class | |
Goldschmidt Class | synthetic |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 1.7
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | |
Quantum Numbers | 7F0 |
Space Group | 11 (P121/m1) |
Stable Isotopes | 0 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 27 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 27 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 221 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
SF (spontaneous fission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 222 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
SF (spontaneous fission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 223 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
SF (spontaneous fission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 224 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
SF (spontaneous fission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 225 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
SF (spontaneous fission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 226 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
SF (spontaneous fission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 227 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 228 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.1 ± 1.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 229 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 91 ± 26 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1994 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 50% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 50% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 230 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 105 ± 10 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 231 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8.6 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
α (α emission) | 13% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 232 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 33.7 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1973 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | % |
α (α emission) | 20% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 233 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 20.9 ± 0.4 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.12% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 234 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 8.8 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 94% |
α (α emission) | 6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 235 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 25.3 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1957 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.9972% |
α (α emission) | 0.0028% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 236 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.858 ± 0.008 y
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 1.9% |
28Mg | 2% |
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 237 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 45.64 ± 0.04 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 99.9958% |
α (α emission) | 0.0042% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 238 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 87.7 ± 0.1 y
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 1.9% |
32Si | 1.4% |
30Mg | 6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 239 |
G-Factor | 0.404 ± 0.008
|
Half Life | 24.11 ± 0.03 ky
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1946 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 3.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 240 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 6.561 ± 0.007 ky
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 5.796% |
34Si | 1.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 241 |
G-Factor | -0.2712 ± 0.0056
|
Half Life | 14.329 ± 0.029 y
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 6
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
α (α emission) | 0.00245% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 2.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 242 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 375 ± 2 ky
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 5.51% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 243 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.9553 ± 0.0025 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 244 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 81.3 ± 0.3 My
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 99.877% |
SF (spontaneous fission) | 0.123% |
2β− (double β− decay) | 7.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 245 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 10.5 ± 0.1 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 246 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 10.84 ± 0.02 d
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Plutonium was first produced in 1940 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Joseph W. Kennedy and Arthur Wahl. Plutonium-238 was produced by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. The Berkeley team made neptunium-238 which decayed to plutonium-238. Named after the planet Pluto
Discoverers | G.T.Seaborg, J.W.Kennedy, E.M.McMillan, A.C.Wohl |
---|---|
Discovery Location | United States |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Named for the planet Pluto. |
Pronunciation | ploo-TOE-ni-em (English) |
Found rarely in some uranium ores. Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | |
Abundance in Oceans | |
Abundance in Human Body | 0 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0 %
|