Atomic Number | 21 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 44.955908 |
Mass Number | 45 |
Group | 3 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 21 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 24 n0 |
Electrons | 21 e- |
Atomic Radius | 160 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 15 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 148 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 144 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 74.5 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 88.5 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 215 pm
|
Density | 2.99 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 914 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 0.188 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.56149 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 332.7 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 15.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 377.8 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 9, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 3 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d1 4s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | 1.36
|
Electrophilicity | 0.8934589851890408 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,109.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,814.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 15.8 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000102 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.52 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.568 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 1.8 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000055 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 0.05 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.000000088 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000003956 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0002627
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 3.31 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 57 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 29 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 74 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.28
|
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | IIIA |
IUPAC Group | IIIB |
Glawe Number | 48 |
Mendeleev Number | 11 |
Pettifor Number | 20 |
Geochemical Class | first series transition metal |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 892 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 1,383 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 27.2
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.025
|
Quantum Numbers | 2D3/2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 1 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 28 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 23 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 35 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 36 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 37 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 38 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 39 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1988 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 40 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 182.3 ± 0.7 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.44% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.017% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | 1.5509428571429 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | 596.3 ± 1.7 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.145 ± 0.003
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 42 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 680.72 ± 0.26 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 43 |
G-Factor | 1.2931428571429 ± 0.0028571428571429
|
Half Life | 3.891 ± 0.012 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.27 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 44 |
G-Factor | 1.249 ± 0.0025
|
Half Life | 4.0421 ± 0.0025 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.1 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 100
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | 1.3582857142857 ± 0.000022857142857143
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.22 ± 0.002
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 46 |
G-Factor | 0.76 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 83.757 ± 0.014 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.119 ± 0.006
|
Discovery Year | 1936 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | 1.5257142857143 ± 0.0057142857142857
|
Half Life | 3.3492 ± 0.0006 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.22 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1945 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | 0.62283333333333 ± 0.002
|
Half Life | 43.67 ± 0.09 h
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | 1.6028571428571 ± 0.0085714285714286
|
Half Life | 57.18 ± 0.13 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 102.5 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 12.4 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 8.2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.4 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 526 ± 15 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 16% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 96 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 17% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 26 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 22 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 12 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
In 1879, Lars Fredrik Nilson and his team detected scandium in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite. Nilson prepared 2 grams of scandium oxide of high purity. Per Teodor Cleve showed that scandium had properties similar to those predicted by Mendeleev for eka-boron. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer and his colleagues. From the Latin word Scandia, Scandinavia
Discoverers | Lars Nilson |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1879 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: Scandia, Scandinavia. |
Pronunciation | SKAN-di-em (English) |
Occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 22 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.0000006 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | |
Abundance in Meteor | 0.00064 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.000004 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.000003 %
|
1 | s | 0.5434 |
2 | p | 3.9454 |
2 | s | 6.4264 |
3 | d | 13.8801 |
3 | p | 11.5938 |
3 | s | 10.6602 |
4 | s | 16.3676 |