Atomic Number | 22 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 47.867 |
Mass Number | 48 |
Group | 4 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 22 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 26 n0 |
Electrons | 22 e- |
Atomic Radius | 140 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 10.6 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 136 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 132 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 86 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 100 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 211 pm
|
Density | 4.506 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 876 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 0.079 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.82812 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 422.6 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 18.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 473 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 10, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 4 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d2 4s2 |
Oxidation States | -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 |
Electronegativity | 1.54
|
Electrophilicity | 0.8836023565738941 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,560.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,943.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery grey-white metallic |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 21.9 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000086 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.06 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.523 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 2.5 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000004 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 0.4 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000401 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000001919 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0001807
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 2.95 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 6 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 110 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 44 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 116 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.32
|
Speed of Sound | 4,140 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | IVA |
IUPAC Group | IVB |
Glawe Number | 51 |
Mendeleev Number | 43 |
Pettifor Number | 51 |
Geochemical Class | first series transition metal |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 853.7 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 1,044 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 6.1
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0044
|
Quantum Numbers | 3F2 |
Space Group | 194 (P63/mmc) |
Stable Isotopes | 5 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 24 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 22 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 37 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 38 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 39 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 28.5 ± 0.9 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 93.7% |
2p (2-proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 40 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 52.4 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 95.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 81.9 ± 0.5 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 91.1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 42 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 208.3 ± 0.4 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 43 |
G-Factor | 0.24285714285714 ± 0.0057142857142857
|
Half Life | 509 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 44 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 59.1 ± 0.3 y
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | 0.027142857142857 ± 0.00057142857142857
|
Half Life | 184.8 ± 0.5 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.015 ± 0.015
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 8.25 ± 0.03
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 46 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 7.44 ± 0.02
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.302 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 73.72 ± 0.03
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 5.41 ± 0.02
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.247 ± 0.011
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 5.18 ± 0.02
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.76 ± 0.01 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.7 ± 0.1 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 32.7 ± 0.9 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 2.1 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.3 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 200 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 95 ± 8 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 55 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 28.5 ± 1.9 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 22.2 ± 1.6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 15 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2013 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
William Gregor found the oxide of titanium in ilmenite in 1791. Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently discovered the element in rutile in 1795 and named it. The pure metallic form was only obtained in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter. In 1936, the Kroll Process made the commercial production of titanium possible. From the Latin titans, the first sons of the Earth, Greek mythology
Discoverers | William Gregor |
---|---|
Discovery Location | England |
Discovery Year | 1791 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: titanos (Titans). |
Pronunciation | tie-TAY-ni-em (English) |
Usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or rutile (TiO2). Also in Titaniferous magnetite, titanite (CaTiSiO5), and iron ores. Pure metal produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2 to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar atmosphere.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 5,650 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.001 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | |
Abundance in Meteor | 0.054 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.0004 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0003 %
|
1 | s | 0.5591 |
2 | p | 3.9352 |
2 | s | 6.6234 |
3 | d | 13.8586 |
3 | p | 11.8963 |
3 | s | 10.9669 |
4 | s | 17.1832 |