Titanium (Ti)

White metallic transition element. Occurs in numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion-resistant alloys. Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by Gregor in 1789.

Atomic Number	22
Atomic Weight	47.867
Mass Number	48

Group	4
Period	4
Block	d

Protons	22 p⁺
Neutrons	26 n⁰
Electrons	22 e^-

Properties

Energy
Atomic Radius	140 pm 257 pm
Molar Volume	10.6 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	136 pm 117 pm 108 pm 140 pm 160 pm
Metallic Radius	132 pm 147 pm
Ionic Radius	86 pm 67 pm 42 pm 51 pm 60.5 pm 74 pm
Crystal Radius	100 pm 81 pm 56 pm 65 pm 74.5 pm 88 pm
Van der Waals Radius	215 pm 211 pm 239 pm 317.5 pm
Density	4.506 g/cm³ 4,110 kg/m³
Proton Affinity	876 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity	0.079 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	6.82812 eV/particle 13.5755 eV/particle 27.49171 eV/particle 43.26717 eV/particle 99.3 eV/particle 119.53 eV/particle 140.68 eV/particle 170.47 eV/particle 192.1 eV/particle 215.92 eV/particle 265.07 eV/particle 291.5004 eV/particle 787.7 eV/particle 864 eV/particle 944.5 eV/particle 1,042.48 eV/particle 1,130.2 eV/particle 1,220.3 eV/particle 1,346.33 eV/particle 1,425.257 eV/particle 6,249.0223 eV/particle 6,625.807 eV/particle
Heat of Vaporization	422.6 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	18.8 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	473 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 8, 10, 2
Valence Electrons	4
Electron Configuration	[Ar] 3d² 4s²
Oxidation States	-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
Electronegativity	8.17 eV/particle 0.1233637 1.54
Electrophilicity	0.8836023565738941 eV/particle
Phases
Phase	Solid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	3,560.15 K
Melting Point	1,943.15 K
Critical Pressure
Critical Temperature
Triple Point
Visual
Color	Silver #808090 #bfc2c7 #bfc2c7
Appearance	silvery grey-white metallic
Refractive Index
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	21.9 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion	0.0000086 1/K
Molar Heat Capacity	25.06 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.523 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Conductor
Electrical Conductivity	2.5 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	0.0000004 m Ω
Superconducting Point	0.4 K
Magnetism
Type	paramagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	0.0000000401 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	0.000000001919 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	0.0001807
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal (HEX)
Lattice Constant	2.95 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
Mechanical Properties
Hardness	716 MPa 6 MPa 970 MPa
Bulk Modulus	110 GPa
Shear Modulus	44 GPa
Young Modulus	116 GPa
Poisson Ratio	0.32
Speed of Sound	4,140 m/s
Classification
Category	Transition metals, Transition metals
CAS Group	IVA
IUPAC Group	IVB
Glawe Number	51
Mendeleev Number	43
Pettifor Number	51
Geochemical Class	first series transition metal
Goldschmidt Class	litophile
Other
Gas Basicity	853.7 kJ/mol
Dipole Polarizability	100 ± 10 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	1,044 a₀ 1,200 a₀
Allotropes
Neutron Cross Section	6.1
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.0044
Quantum Numbers	3F2
Space Group	194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Titanium

Stable Isotopes	5
Unstable Isotopes	24
Radioactive Isotopes	22

³⁷Ti

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	37.027021 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	37
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	+

³⁷Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

³⁸Ti

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	38.012206 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	38
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	+

³⁸Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
2p (2-proton emission)	%

³⁹Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	39.002684 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	39
G-Factor
Half Life	28.5 ± 0.9 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1990
Parity	+

³⁹Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	93.7%
2p (2-proton emission)	%

⁴⁰Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	39.990345146 ± 0.000073262 Da
Mass Number	40
G-Factor	0
Half Life	52.4 ± 0.3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1982
Parity	+

⁴⁰Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	95.8%

⁴¹Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	40.983148 ± 0.00003 Da
Mass Number	41
G-Factor
Half Life	81.9 ± 0.5 ms
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1964
Parity	+

⁴¹Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	91.1%

⁴²Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	41.973049369 ± 0.000000289 Da
Mass Number	42
G-Factor	0
Half Life	208.3 ± 0.4 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1964
Parity	+

⁴²Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁴³Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	42.96852842 ± 0.000006139 Da
Mass Number	43
G-Factor	0.24285714285714 ± 0.0057142857142857
Half Life	509 ± 5 ms
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	-

⁴³Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	%

⁴⁴Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	43.959689936 ± 0.000000751 Da
Mass Number	44
G-Factor	0
Half Life	59.1 ± 0.3 y
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1954
Parity	+

⁴⁴Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

⁴⁵Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	44.958120758 ± 0.000000897 Da
Mass Number	45
G-Factor	0.027142857142857 ± 0.00057142857142857
Half Life	184.8 ± 0.5 m
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.015 ± 0.015
Discovery Year	1941
Parity	-

⁴⁵Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁴⁶Ti

Abundance	8.25 ± 0.03
Relative Atomic Mass	45.952626356 ± 0.000000097 Da
Mass Number	46
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1934
Parity	+

⁴⁷Ti

Abundance	7.44 ± 0.02
Relative Atomic Mass	46.951757491 ± 0.000000085 Da
Mass Number	47
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.302 ± 0.01
Discovery Year	1934
Parity	-

⁴⁸Ti

Abundance	73.72 ± 0.03
Relative Atomic Mass	47.947940677 ± 0.000000079 Da
Mass Number	48
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1923
Parity	+

⁴⁹Ti

Abundance	5.41 ± 0.02
Relative Atomic Mass	48.947864391 ± 0.000000084 Da
Mass Number	49
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	7/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.247 ± 0.011
Discovery Year	1934
Parity	-

⁵⁰Ti

Abundance	5.18 ± 0.02
Relative Atomic Mass	49.944785622 ± 0.000000088 Da
Mass Number	50
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1934
Parity	+

⁵¹Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	50.946609468 ± 0.000000519 Da
Mass Number	51
G-Factor
Half Life	5.76 ± 0.01 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1947
Parity	-

⁵¹Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵²Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	51.946883509 ± 0.000002948 Da
Mass Number	52
G-Factor	0
Half Life	1.7 ± 0.1 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1966
Parity	+

⁵²Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵³Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	52.949670714 ± 0.0000031 Da
Mass Number	53
G-Factor
Half Life	32.7 ± 0.9 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1977
Parity

⁵³Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵⁴Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	53.950892 ± 0.000017 Da
Mass Number	54
G-Factor	0
Half Life	2.1 ± 1 s
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1980
Parity	+

⁵⁴Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁵⁵Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	54.955091 ± 0.000031 Da
Mass Number	55
G-Factor
Half Life	1.3 ± 0.1 s
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1980
Parity

⁵⁵Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁵⁶Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	55.957677675 ± 0.000107569 Da
Mass Number	56
G-Factor	0
Half Life	200 ± 5 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1980
Parity	+

⁵⁶Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁵⁷Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	56.963068098 ± 0.00022102 Da
Mass Number	57
G-Factor
Half Life	95 ± 8 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1985
Parity	-

⁵⁷Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁵⁸Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	57.966808519 ± 0.000196823 Da
Mass Number	58
G-Factor	0
Half Life	55 ± 6 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1992
Parity	+

⁵⁸Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%

⁵⁹Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	58.972217 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	59
G-Factor
Half Life	28.5 ± 1.9 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	-

⁵⁹Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶⁰Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	59.976275 ± 0.000258 Da
Mass Number	60
G-Factor	0
Half Life	22.2 ± 1.6 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	+

⁶⁰Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶¹Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	60.982426 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	61
G-Factor
Half Life	15 ± 4 ms
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	-

⁶¹Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶²Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	61.986903 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	62
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2009
Parity	+

⁶²Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶³Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	62.993709 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	63
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2009
Parity	-

⁶³Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶⁴Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	63.998411 ± 0.000644 Da
Mass Number	64
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	2013
Parity	+

⁶⁴Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁶⁵Ti

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	65.005593 ± 0.000751 Da
Mass Number	65
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	-

⁶⁵Ti Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

History

William Gregor found the oxide of titanium in ilmenite in 1791. Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently discovered the element in rutile in 1795 and named it. The pure metallic form was only obtained in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter. In 1936, the Kroll Process made the commercial production of titanium possible. From the Latin titans, the first sons of the Earth, Greek mythology

Discoverers	William Gregor
Discovery Location	England
Discovery Year	1791
Etymology (Name Origin)	Greek: titanos (Titans).
Pronunciation	tie-TAY-ni-em (English)

Titanium metal is considered to be non-toxic

Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas

Uses

Titanium is used in steel as an alloying element to reduce grain size and as a deoxidizer, and in stainless steel to reduce carbon content. Titanium has potential use in desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. Titanium is used in several everyday products such as drill bits, bicycles, golf clubs, watches and laptop computers. Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many others.

Sources

Usually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or rutile (TiO2). Also in Titaniferous magnetite, titanite (CaTiSiO5), and iron ores. Pure metal produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2 to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar atmosphere.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	5,650 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	0.001 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body
Abundance in Meteor	0.054 %
Abundance in Sun	0.0004 %
Abundance in Universe	0.0003 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.5591
2	p	3.9352
2	s	6.6234
3	d	13.8586
3	p	11.8963
3	s	10.9669
4	s	17.1832

Titanium on ChemicalAid

AGROVOC ID	c_32704
ASC Leiden Thesaurus ID	294941053
Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300011033
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3588
BNCF Thesaurus ID	23638
Biblioteca Nacional de España ID	XX531321
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	119375205
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	titan
CAB ID	280524
CAS Registry Number	7440-32-6
Canadian Encyclopedia article ID	titanium
ChEBI ID	33341
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID3027746
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID3047764
Den Store Danske ID	titan
DrugBank ID	14160
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.311
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/titanium
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	titane
EuroVoc ID	4462
Freebase ID	/m/025sk56
French Vikidia ID	Titane
GND ID	4140648-5
Google Arts & Culture entity ID	m025sk56
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0146589
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	4193242
Grove Art Online ID	T2083089
HSDB ID	868
Human Metabolome Database ID	HMDB0001966
InChIKey	RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Titanium
LEM ID	LEM201008845
Latvian National Encyclopedia Online ID	139587
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85135605
MeSH descriptor ID	D014025
MinDat mineral ID	7339
NALT ID	66068
NE.se ID	titan
NKCR AUT ID	ph174614
Namuwiki ID	티타늄
National Diet Library ID	00573109
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007538930505171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	3782
OpenAlex ID	C506065880
PSH ID	5760
PubChem CID	23963
Quora topic ID	Titanium-1
RxNorm ID	1305547
STW Thesaurus for Economics ID	18240-4
Spanish Cultural Heritage thesauri ID	materias/1193109
Spanish Vikidia ID	Titanio
Store medisinske leksikon ID	titan
Store norske leksikon ID	titan
Treccani ID	titanio
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	501230
UNII	D1JT611TNE
Wolfram Language entity code	Entity["Mineral", "Titanium"]
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14683390-n
YSO ID	18969
YouTube video ID	d8MJISiIlF0
ZVG number	8170

Titanium (Ti)

Properties

Isotopes of Titanium

37Ti

37Ti Decay Modes

38Ti

38Ti Decay Modes

39Ti

39Ti Decay Modes

40Ti

40Ti Decay Modes

41Ti

41Ti Decay Modes

42Ti

42Ti Decay Modes

43Ti

43Ti Decay Modes

44Ti

44Ti Decay Modes

45Ti

45Ti Decay Modes

46Ti

47Ti

48Ti

49Ti

50Ti

51Ti

51Ti Decay Modes

52Ti

52Ti Decay Modes

53Ti

53Ti Decay Modes

54Ti

54Ti Decay Modes

55Ti

55Ti Decay Modes

56Ti

56Ti Decay Modes

57Ti

57Ti Decay Modes

58Ti

58Ti Decay Modes

59Ti

59Ti Decay Modes

60Ti

60Ti Decay Modes

61Ti

61Ti Decay Modes

62Ti

62Ti Decay Modes

63Ti

63Ti Decay Modes

64Ti

64Ti Decay Modes

65Ti

65Ti Decay Modes