Atomic Number | 21 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 44.955908 |
Mass Number | 45 |
Group | 3 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 21 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 24 n0 |
Electrons | 21 e- |
Atomic Radius | 160 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 15 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 148 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 144 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 74.5 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 88.5 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 215 pm
|
Density | 2.99 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
---|---|
Proton Affinity | 914 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 0.188 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.56149 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 332.7 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 15.8 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 377.8 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 9, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 ⓘ |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d1 4s2ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 |
Oxidation States | 0, 1, 2, 3 |
Electronegativity | 1.36
|
Electrophilicity Index | 0.8934589851890408 eV/particle
|
States of Matter | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,109.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,814.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Scandium is a Silver. Sc has a CPK of #ff1493, Jmol of #e6e6e6, and MOLCAS GV of #e6e6e6. The Appearance of Element 21 is silvery white. | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | silvery white |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 15.8 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000102 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.52 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.568 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 1.8 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000055 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 0.05 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.000000088 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000003956 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0002627
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Scandium is HEX. The lattice constant of Sc is 3.31 Å. The lattice angles of Element 21 are π/2, π/2, 2 π/3. | |
Crystal Structure | Simple Hexagonal (HEX) |
Lattice Constant | 3.31 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, 2 π/3 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Scandium has a Brinell of 750 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of Sc is 57 GPa. The Shear Modulus of Element 21 is 29 GPa. The Young Modulus of Scandium (Sc) is 74 GPa. The Poisson Ratio of Scandium is 0.28. | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 57 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 29 GPa
|
Young's Modulus | 74 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.28
|
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Scandium is IIIA. The IUPAC Group of Sc is IIIB. The Glawe Number of Element 21 is 48. The Mendeleev Number of Scandium (Sc) is 11. The Pettifor Number of Scandium is 20. The Geochemical Class of Sc is first series transition metal. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 21 is litophile. | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | IIIA |
IUPAC Group | IIIB |
Glawe Number | 48 |
Mendeleev Number | 11 |
Pettifor Number | 20 |
Geochemical Class | first series transition metal |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
The Gas Basicity of Scandium is 892 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Sc is 97 plus or minus 10 a₀. Element 21 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 1383 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 1570 a₀. The Allotropes of Scandium (Sc) is . The Neutron Cross Section of Scandium is 27.2. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Sc is 0.025. The Quantum Numbers of Element 21 is 2D3/2. The Space Group of Scandium (Sc) is 194 (P63/mmc).
Stable Isotopes | 1 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 28 |
Natural Isotopes | 1 |
Mass Number | 35 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 14 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 36 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 15 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 37 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 16 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 38 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 17 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 39 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 18 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1988 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Mass Number | 40 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 19 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 182.3 ± 0.7 ms
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.44% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.017% |
Mass Number | 41 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 20 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.5509428571429 ± 0.0004
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 596.3 ± 1.7 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.145 ± 0.003
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 42 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 21 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 680.72 ± 0.26 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1955 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 43 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 22 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.2931428571429 ± 0.0028571428571429
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 3.891 ± 0.012 h
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.27 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1935 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 44 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 23 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.249 ± 0.0025
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 4.0421 ± 0.0025 h
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.1 ± 0.05
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 45 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 24 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.3582857142857 ± 0.000022857142857143
|
Abundance | 100
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.22 ± 0.002
|
Discovery Year | 1923 |
Parity | - |
Mass Number | 46 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 25 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.76 ± 0.002
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 83.757 ± 0.014 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.119 ± 0.006
|
Discovery Year | 1936 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 47 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 26 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.5257142857143 ± 0.0057142857142857
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 3.3492 ± 0.0006 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.22 ± 0.03
|
Discovery Year | 1945 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 48 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 27 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.62283333333333 ± 0.002
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 43.67 ± 0.09 h
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 49 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 28 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 1.6028571428571 ± 0.0085714285714286
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 57.18 ± 0.13 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 50 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 29 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 102.5 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 51 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 30 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 12.4 ± 0.1 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 52 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 31 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 8.2 ± 0.2 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 53 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 32 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.4 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 54 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 33 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 526 ± 15 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 16% |
Mass Number | 55 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 34 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 96 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 17% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 56 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 35 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 26 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 57 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 36 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 22 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 58 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 37 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 12 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 59 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 38 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 60 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 39 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 61 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 40 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 62 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 41 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 63 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 42 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
In 1879, Lars Fredrik Nilson and his team detected scandium in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite. Nilson prepared 2 grams of scandium oxide of high purity. Per Teodor Cleve showed that scandium had properties similar to those predicted by Mendeleev for eka-boron. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer and his colleagues. From the Latin word Scandia, Scandinavia
Discoverers | Lars Nilson |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1879 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: Scandia, Scandinavia. |
Pronunciation | SKAN-di-em (English) |
Occurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 22 mg/kg
|
Natural Abundance (Oceans) | 0.0000006 mg/L
|
Natural Abundance (Human Body) | |
Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.00064 %
|
Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.000004 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.000003 %
|
1 | s | 0.5434 |
2 | p | 3.9454 |
2 | s | 6.4264 |
3 | d | 13.8801 |
3 | p | 11.5938 |
3 | s | 10.6602 |
4 | s | 16.3676 |