Torium (Th)

chemical element with the atomic number of 90

Atomic Number	90
Atomic Weight	232.0377
Nombor jisim	232

Group
Period	7
Block	f

proton	90 p⁺
neutron	142 n⁰
Elektron	90 e^-

Sifat Fizikal

Jejari Atom	180 pm 288 pm
molar volume	19.8 cm³/mol
Jejari kovalen	175 pm 143 pm 136 pm 206 pm
Metallic Radius
ionic radius	94 pm 105 pm 109 pm 113 pm 118 pm 121 pm 120.9 pm
Crystal Radius	108 pm 119 pm 123 pm 127 pm 132 pm 135 pm 134.9 pm
Jejari van der Waals	240 pm 245 pm 274 pm 339.6 pm
ketumpatan	11.7 g/cm³

Sifat Kimia

tenaga

proton affinity
Pertalian elektron
ionization energy	6.3067 eV/particle 11.9 eV/particle 18.32 eV/particle 28.648 eV/particle 58 eV/particle 69.1 eV/particle 82 eV/particle 95 eV/particle 118 eV/particle 133 eV/particle 165 eV/particle 181 eV/particle 262 eV/particle 285 eV/particle 310 eV/particle 336 eV/particle 362 eV/particle 389 eV/particle 424 eV/particle 451 eV/particle 480 eV/particle 508 eV/particle 650 eV/particle 680 eV/particle 720 eV/particle 750 eV/particle 830 eV/particle 900 eV/particle 970 eV/particle 1,010 eV/particle 1,090 eV/particle 1,160 eV/particle 1,240 eV/particle 1,310 eV/particle 1,380 eV/particle 1,460 eV/particle 1,530 eV/particle 1,600 eV/particle 1,680 eV/particle 1,760 eV/particle 1,830 eV/particle 1,910 eV/particle 2,000 eV/particle 2,060 eV/particle 2,390 eV/particle 2,455 eV/particle 2,524 eV/particle 2,598 eV/particle 2,669 eV/particle 2,737 eV/particle 2,860 eV/particle 2,935 eV/particle 3,013 eV/particle 3,086 eV/particle 3,375 eV/particle 3,445 eV/particle 3,522 eV/particle 3,593 eV/particle 3,943 eV/particle 4,025 eV/particle 4,230 eV/particle 4,313 eV/particle 6,972 eV/particle 7,130 eV/particle 7,299 eV/particle 7,480 eV/particle 7,650 eV/particle 7,820 eV/particle 8,180 eV/particle 8,350 eV/particle 8,550 eV/particle 8,720 eV/particle 9,220 eV/particle 9,370 eV/particle 9,540 eV/particle 9,690 eV/particle 10,790 eV/particle 10,970 eV/particle 11,340 eV/particle 11,510 eV/particle 24,060 eV/particle 24,480 eV/particle 24,940 eV/particle 25,360 eV/particle 29,410 eV/particle 29,970 eV/particle 30,680 eV/particle 31,122.8 eV/particle 123,086.4 eV/particle 125,253.4 eV/particle

Entalpi pengewapan	513.7 kJ/mol
entalpi pelakuran	16.11 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	602 kJ/mol
Elektron

Petala elektron	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2

Elektron valens	2 ⓘ

tatarajah elektron	[Rn] 6d² 7s²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p⁶ 6d² 7s²

Keadaan pengoksidaan	-1, 1, 2, 3, 4
Keelektronegatifan	0.10277 1.3
Electrophilicity Index
keadaan jirim asas

fasa jirim	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	5,058.15 K
Melting Point	2,023.15 K
critical pressure
critical temperature
triple point
rupa
warna	Silver #ff1493 #00baff #00baff
rupa	silvery, often with black tarnish
indeks biasan
sifat bahan
Thermal Conductivity
Pengembangan terma	0.000011 1/K
molar heat capacity	27.32 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.118 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Conductor
Kekonduksian elektrik	6.7 MS/m
Kerintangan dan kekonduksian elektrik	0.00000015 Ω*m
Kesuperkonduksian	1.38 K
kemagnetan
type	paramagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	0.0000000072 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	0.0000000017 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	0.000084
magnetic ordering
Suhu Curie
Néel temperature
struktur
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
lattice constant	5.08 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hardness	400 MPa 3 MPa 350 MPa
Modulus pukal	54 GPa
shear modulus	31 GPa
Young's modulus	79 GPa
Nisbah Poisson	0.27
Kelajuan bunyi	2,490 m/s
pengelasan
Category	Actinides, Actinides
CAS Group
IUPAC Group
Glawe Number	34
Mendeleev Number	16
Pettifor Number	47
Geochemical Class	rare earth & related
Goldschmidt classification	litophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	217 ± 54 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
allotrope
Neutron cross section	7.4
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.001
Nombor kuantum	3F2
space group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Thorium

Stable Isotopes	0
Unstable Isotopes	32
Natural Isotopes	2

²⁰⁸Th

Nombor jisim	208
nombor neutron	118
Jisim Atom Relatif	208.017915348 ± 0.000034208 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	2.4 ± 1.2 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	2010
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%

²⁰⁹Th

Nombor jisim	209
nombor neutron	119
Jisim Atom Relatif	209.017601 ± 0.000111 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁰Th

Nombor jisim	210
nombor neutron	120
Jisim Atom Relatif	210.015093515 ± 0.000020299 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	16 ± 3.6 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1995
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹¹Th

Nombor jisim	211
nombor neutron	121
Jisim Atom Relatif	211.014896923 ± 0.000092399 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	48 ± 20 ms
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1995
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹²Th

Nombor jisim	212
nombor neutron	122
Jisim Atom Relatif	212.01300157 ± 0.000010852 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	31.7 ± 1.3 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1980
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹³Th

Nombor jisim	213
nombor neutron	123
Jisim Atom Relatif	213.01301147 ± 0.000009895 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	144 ± 21 ms
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1968
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁴Th

Nombor jisim	214
nombor neutron	124
Jisim Atom Relatif	214.01148148 ± 0.000011445 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	87 ± 10 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1968
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁵Th

Nombor jisim	215
nombor neutron	125
Jisim Atom Relatif	215.01172464 ± 0.0000068 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	1.35 ± 0.14 s
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1968
parity	-

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁶Th

Nombor jisim	216
nombor neutron	126
Jisim Atom Relatif	216.011055933 ± 0.00001192 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	26.28 ± 0.16 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1968
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁷Th

Nombor jisim	217
nombor neutron	127
Jisim Atom Relatif	217.013103443 ± 0.000011394 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	248 ± 4 us
Spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1968
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁸Th

Nombor jisim	218
nombor neutron	128
Jisim Atom Relatif	218.013276248 ± 0.000011289 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	122 ± 5 ns
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1973
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁹Th

Nombor jisim	219
nombor neutron	129
Jisim Atom Relatif	219.015526432 ± 0.000060611 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	1.023 ± 0.018 us
Spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1973
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²²⁰Th

Nombor jisim	220
nombor neutron	130
Jisim Atom Relatif	220.015769866 ± 0.000014693 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	10.2 ± 0.3 us
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1973
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²¹Th

Nombor jisim	221
nombor neutron	131
Jisim Atom Relatif	221.018185757 ± 0.000008582 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	1.75 ± 0.02 ms
Spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1970
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%

²²²Th

Nombor jisim	222
nombor neutron	132
Jisim Atom Relatif	222.01846822 ± 0.000010966 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	2.24 ± 0.03 ms
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1970
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²³Th

Nombor jisim	223
nombor neutron	133
Jisim Atom Relatif	223.020811083 ± 0.000008527 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	600 ± 20 ms
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1952
parity

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%

²²⁴Th

Nombor jisim	224
nombor neutron	134
Jisim Atom Relatif	224.021466137 ± 0.00001031 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	1.04 ± 0.02 s
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1949
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

²²⁵Th

Nombor jisim	225
nombor neutron	135
Jisim Atom Relatif	225.023950975 ± 0.000005467 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	8.75 ± 0.04 m
Spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1949
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	90%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²⁶Th

Nombor jisim	226
nombor neutron	136
Jisim Atom Relatif	226.024903699 ± 0.00000481 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	30.7 ± 0.03 m
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1948
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
18O	3.2%

²²⁷Th

Nombor jisim	227
nombor neutron	137
Jisim Atom Relatif	227.027702546 ± 0.000002241 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	18.693 ± 0.004 d
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1906
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%

²²⁸Th

Nombor jisim	228
nombor neutron	138
Jisim Atom Relatif	228.028739741 ± 0.000001938 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	1.9125 ± 0.0007 y
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1905
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
20O	1.13%

²²⁹Th

Nombor jisim	229
nombor neutron	139
Jisim Atom Relatif	229.031761357 ± 0.000002581 Da
g-factor	0.184 ± 0.016
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	7.916 ± 0.017 ky
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	3.11 ± 0.06
tarikh penemuan	1947
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%

²³⁰Th

Nombor jisim	230
nombor neutron	140
Jisim Atom Relatif	230.033132267 ± 0.000001297 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	0.02 ± 0.02
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	75.4 ± 0.3 ky
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1907
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
SF (spontaneous fission)	4%
24Ne (heavy cluster emission)	5.8%

²³¹Th

Nombor jisim	231
nombor neutron	141
Jisim Atom Relatif	231.036302764 ± 0.000001306 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	25.52 ± 0.01 h
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1911
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³²Th

Nombor jisim	232
nombor neutron	142
Jisim Atom Relatif	232.038053606 ± 0.000001525 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	99.98 ± 0.02
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	14 ± 0.1 Gy
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1898
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
α (α emission)	100%
SF (spontaneous fission)	1.1%
26Ne	2.78%
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)

²³³Th

Nombor jisim	233
nombor neutron	143
Jisim Atom Relatif	233.041580126 ± 0.000001528 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	21.83 ± 0.04 m
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1935
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁴Th

Nombor jisim	234
nombor neutron	144
Jisim Atom Relatif	234.043599801 ± 0.000002779 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	24.107 ± 0.024 d
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1900
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
α (α emission)

²³⁵Th

Nombor jisim	235
nombor neutron	145
Jisim Atom Relatif	235.047255 ± 0.000014 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	7.2 ± 0.1 m
Spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1969
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁶Th

Nombor jisim	236
nombor neutron	146
Jisim Atom Relatif	236.049657 ± 0.000015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	37.3 ± 1.5 m
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1973
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁷Th

Nombor jisim	237
nombor neutron	147
Jisim Atom Relatif	237.053629 ± 0.000017 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	4.8 ± 0.5 m
Spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan	1993
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁸Th

Nombor jisim	238
nombor neutron	148
Jisim Atom Relatif	238.056388 ± 0.000304 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat	9.4 ± 2 m
Spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
tarikh penemuan	1999
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁹Th

Nombor jisim	239
nombor neutron	149
Jisim Atom Relatif	239.060655 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
Reputan radioaktif	☢️ radioactive element
setengah hayat
Spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
tarikh penemuan
parity	+

decay mode	Keamatan (fizik)
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)

sejarah

penemu atau pereka	Jöns Berzelius
tempat penemuan	Sweden
tarikh penemuan	1828
Etimologi	Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder.
sebutan	THOR-i-em (Inggeris)

sumber

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	9.6 mg/kg
natural abundance (lautan)	0.000001 mg/L
natural abundance (Tubuh manusia)	0 %
natural abundance (Meteoroid)	0.0000039 %
natural abundance (Matahari)	0.00000003 %
Abundance in Universe	0.00000004 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

Torium on ChemicalAid

ChEBI ID	33385
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID6029759
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.308
HSDB ID	864
Human Metabolome Database ID	HMDB0029215
ICSC ID	0337
ID BnF	11977429t
ID CAB	7540
ID Den Store Danske	thorium
ID Encyclopædia Universalis	thorium
ID Ensiklopedia Besar Rusia dalam talian	4198022
ID Ensiklopedia Britannica Dalam Talian	science/thorium
ID Ensiklopedia Britannica Dalam Talian	topic/helium-uranium-thorium-dating
ID Freebase	/m/025sk62
ID GND	4185331-3
ID Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana	0239406
ID Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana	0146927
ID J9U Perpustakaan Negara Israel	987007534013905171
ID KBpedia	Thorium
ID LEM	LEM201013005
ID NKCR AUT	ph543054
ID PSH	5764
ID Perbendaharaan Kata Pendidikan Australia	scot/3585
ID Store norske leksikon	thorium
ID Tesaurus BNCF	37628
ID Treccani	torio
ID WordNet 3.1 Synset	14682288-n
ID YSO	21744
ID bahan DSSTox	DTXSID6049800
ID kewibawaan Perpustakaan Kongres	sh85134957
ID pemerihal MeSH	D013910
ID tesaurus Parlimen UK	430967
ID tesaurus UNESCO	concept14024
ID topik Quora	Thorium
InChI	InChI=1S/Th
InChIKey	ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KEGG ID	C19157
Krugosvet article	nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/TORI.html
Maksud Tertakrif OmegaWiki	365213
OpenAlex ID	C527038400
PubChem CID	23960
RxNorm ID	1534769
Römpp online ID	RD-20-01588
Store medisinske leksikon ID	thorium
UK Archival Thesaurus ID	f2/mt225/4347/5019
UNII	60YU5MIG9W
USGS Thesaurus ID	1593
nombor pendaftaran CAS	7440-29-1
pengecam AAT	300379770
pengecam NDL	00573342

Torium (Th)

Sifat Fizikal

Sifat Kimia

other

Isotopes of Thorium

208Th

209Th

210Th

211Th

212Th

213Th

214Th

215Th

216Th

217Th

218Th

219Th

220Th

221Th

222Th

223Th

224Th

225Th

226Th

227Th

228Th

229Th

230Th

231Th

232Th

233Th

234Th

235Th

236Th

237Th

238Th

239Th

sejarah

sumber

Nuclear Screening Constants

²⁰⁸Th

²⁰⁹Th

²¹⁰Th

²¹¹Th

²¹²Th

²¹³Th

²¹⁴Th

²¹⁵Th

²¹⁶Th

²¹⁷Th

²¹⁸Th

²¹⁹Th

²²⁰Th

²²¹Th

²²²Th

²²³Th

²²⁴Th

²²⁵Th

²²⁶Th

²²⁷Th

²²⁸Th

²²⁹Th

²³⁰Th

²³¹Th

²³²Th

²³³Th

²³⁴Th

²³⁵Th

²³⁶Th

²³⁷Th

²³⁸Th

²³⁹Th