Atomic Number | 23 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 50.9415 |
Mass Number | 51 |
Group | 5 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | d |
Protons | 23 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 28 n0 |
Electrons | 23 e- |
Atomic Radius | 135 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 8.35 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 134 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 122 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 79 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 93 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 207 pm
|
Density | 6 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 859.4 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 0.525 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.746187 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 460 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 17.5 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 515.5 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 11, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d3 4s2 |
Oxidation States | -3, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
Electronegativity | 1.63
|
Electrophilicity | 1.0623004980594741 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 3,680.15 K
|
Melting Point | 2,183.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | blue-silver-grey metal |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 30.7 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000084 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 24.89 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.489 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 5 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.0000002 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | 5.4 K
|
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000628 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.000000003199 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.0003837
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Body Centered Cubic (BCC) |
Lattice Constant | 3.02 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 7 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 160 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 47 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 128 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.37
|
Speed of Sound | 4,560 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Transition metals, Transition metals |
CAS Group | VA |
IUPAC Group | VB |
Glawe Number | 54 |
Mendeleev Number | 47 |
Pettifor Number | 54 |
Geochemical Class | first series transition metal |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 836.8 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 832 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 5.06
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.0033
|
Quantum Numbers | 4F3/2 |
Space Group | 229 (Im_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 27 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 24 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 39 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 40 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 42 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 43 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 79.3 ± 2.4 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1987 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 2.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 44 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 111 ± 7 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | % |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 547 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1975 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 46 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 422.62 ± 0.05 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 32.6 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1942 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | 0.503 ± 0.00275
|
Half Life | 15.9735 ± 0.0025 d
|
Spin | 4 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | 1.2771428571429 ± 0.014285714285714
|
Half Life | 330 ± 15 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 0.25 ± 0.01
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 271 ± 13 Py
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.21 ± 0.04
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | 99.75 ± 0.01
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.052 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1924 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.743 ± 0.005 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.543 ± 0.014 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1960 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 49.8 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.54 ± 0.15 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 216 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 350 ± 10 ms
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 191 ± 10 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 95 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 122 ± 18 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 48.2 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1992 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 14.5% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 62 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 33.6 ± 2.3 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 63 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 19.6 ± 0.9 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 35% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 64 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 15 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2013 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Vanadium was originally discovered by Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801. In 1805, the French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was only an impure sample of chromium. In 1831, the Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores. Later that same year, Friedrich Wöhler confirmed del Río's earlier work. Named after Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis
Discoverers | Nils Sefström |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1830 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | From Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis. |
Pronunciation | veh-NAY-di-em (English) |
Found in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 120 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 0.0025 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.000003 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0.0061 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.00004 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0001 %
|
1 | s | 0.5744 |
2 | p | 3.9272 |
2 | s | 6.8186 |
3 | d | 14.0171 |
3 | p | 12.215 |
3 | s | 11.2907 |
4 | s | 18.0188 |