Gadolinium (Gd)

element with the atomic number of 64

Atomic Number	64
Atomic Weight	157.25
mass number	158

Group
Period	6
Block	f

proton	64 p⁺
neutron	94 n⁰
electron	64 e^-

Āhuatanga Ōkiko

Atomic Radius	180 pm 277 pm
molar volume	19.9 cm³/mol
covalent radius	169 pm 135 pm 132 pm 196 pm
Metallic Radius
ionic radius	93.8 pm 100 pm 105.3 pm 110.7 pm
Crystal Radius	107.8 pm 114 pm 119.3 pm 124.7 pm
Van der Waals radius	234 pm 271 pm 336.8 pm
density	7.9 g/cm³ 7,400 kg/m³

Chemical Property

{ERROR}

energy

proton affinity
electron affinity
ionization energy	6.149796 eV/particle 12.09 eV/particle 20.63 eV/particle 44 eV/particle 64.76 eV/particle 89 eV/particle 106 eV/particle 123 eV/particle 144 eV/particle 165 eV/particle 183 eV/particle 213 eV/particle 246 eV/particle 268 eV/particle 288 eV/particle 319 eV/particle 352 eV/particle 380 eV/particle 565 eV/particle 601 eV/particle 639 eV/particle 680 eV/particle 719 eV/particle 761 eV/particle 810 eV/particle 851 eV/particle 895 eV/particle 937 eV/particle 1,100 eV/particle 1,142 eV/particle 1,189 eV/particle 1,233 eV/particle 1,321 eV/particle 1,368 eV/particle 1,481 eV/particle 1,532.35 eV/particle 2,621 eV/particle 2,720 eV/particle 2,827 eV/particle 2,941 eV/particle 3,050 eV/particle 3,160 eV/particle 3,312 eV/particle 3,424 eV/particle 3,550 eV/particle 3,660 eV/particle 3,980 eV/particle 4,080 eV/particle 4,191 eV/particle 4,294 eV/particle 4,578 eV/particle 4,693 eV/particle 4,914 eV/particle 5,025 eV/particle 11,273 eV/particle 11,552 eV/particle 11,861 eV/particle 12,147 eV/particle 13,183 eV/particle 13,521 eV/particle 13,943 eV/particle 14,224.57 eV/particle 57,783.9 eV/particle 59,065.52 eV/particle

enthalpy of vaporization	398 kJ/mol
enthalpy of fusion
standard enthalpy of formation	397.5 kJ/mol
electron

electron shell	2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2

valence electron	2 ⓘ

electron configuration	[Xe] 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 4f⁷ 5d¹ 6s²

oxidation number	0, 1, 2, 3
electronegativity	0.1944 1.2
Electrophilicity Index
fundamental state of matter

phase of matter
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	3,546.15 K
Melting Point	1,586.15 K
critical pressure
critical temperature
triple point
appearance
color	Black #ff1493 #45ffc7 #45ffc7
appearance	silvery white
refractive index
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity
thermal expansion	0.0000094 1/K
molar heat capacity	37.03 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.236 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Conductor
electrical conductivity	0.77 MS/m
electrical resistivity	0.0000013 Ω*m
superconductivity
magnetism
type	ferromagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)
magnetic ordering
Curie temperature	292 K
Néel temperature
structure
Crystal Structure	{ERROR}
lattice constant	3.64 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, 2 π/3
mechanical property
hardness	570 MPa
bulk modulus	38 GPa
shear modulus	22 GPa
Young's modulus	55 GPa
Poisson's ratio	0.26
speed of sound	2,680 m/s
classification
Category	Actinides, Lanthanides
CAS Group
IUPAC Group
Glawe Number	26
Mendeleev Number	27
Pettifor Number	27
Geochemical Class	rare earth & related
Goldschmidt classification	litophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	158 ± 20 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	2,340 a₀
allotrope
Neutron cross section	49,000
Neutron Mass Absorption	7.3
quantum number	9D2
space group	194 (P63/mmc)

Isotopes of Gadolinium

Stable Isotopes	5
Unstable Isotopes	35
Natural Isotopes	7

¹³³Gd

mass number	133
neutron number	69
Relative Atomic Mass	132.961288 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

¹³⁴Gd

mass number	134
neutron number	70
Relative Atomic Mass	133.955416 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

¹³⁵Gd

mass number	135
neutron number	71
Relative Atomic Mass	134.952496 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	1.1 ± 0.2 s
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1996
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	2%

¹³⁶Gd

mass number	136
neutron number	72
Relative Atomic Mass	135.9473 ± 0.00032 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	2000
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

¹³⁷Gd

mass number	137
neutron number	73
Relative Atomic Mass	136.94502 ± 0.00032 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	2.2 ± 0.2 s
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1999
parity

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

¹³⁸Gd

mass number	138
neutron number	74
Relative Atomic Mass	137.940247 ± 0.000215 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	4.7 ± 0.9 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1985
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹³⁹Gd

mass number	139
neutron number	75
Relative Atomic Mass	138.93813 ± 0.00021 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	5.7 ± 0.3 s
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1983
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)

¹⁴⁰Gd

mass number	140
neutron number	76
Relative Atomic Mass	139.933674 ± 0.00003 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	15.8 ± 0.4 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1985
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
e⁺ (positron emission)	67%
ϵ (electron capture)	33%

¹⁴¹Gd

mass number	141
neutron number	77
Relative Atomic Mass	140.932126 ± 0.000021213 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	14 ± 4 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1986
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	0.03%

¹⁴²Gd

mass number	142
neutron number	78
Relative Atomic Mass	141.928116 ± 0.00003 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	70.2 ± 0.6 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1986
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
ϵ (electron capture)	52%
e⁺ (positron emission)	48%

¹⁴³Gd

mass number	143
neutron number	79
Relative Atomic Mass	142.926750678 ± 0.000215032 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	39 ± 2 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1975
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)
β⁺α (β⁺-delayed α emission)

¹⁴⁴Gd

mass number	144
neutron number	80
Relative Atomic Mass	143.922963 ± 0.00003 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	4.47 ± 0.06 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1968
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁴⁵Gd

mass number	145
neutron number	81
Relative Atomic Mass	144.921710051 ± 0.000021165 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	23 ± 0.4 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1959
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁴⁶Gd

mass number	146
neutron number	82
Relative Atomic Mass	145.918318513 ± 0.000004376 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	48.27 ± 0.09 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1957
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

¹⁴⁷Gd

mass number	147
neutron number	83
Relative Atomic Mass	146.919101014 ± 0.000002025 Da
g-factor	0.29142857142857 ± 0.025714285714286
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	38.06 ± 0.12 h
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1957
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

¹⁴⁸Gd

mass number	148
neutron number	84
Relative Atomic Mass	147.918121414 ± 0.000001566 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	71.3 ± 1 y
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1953
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

¹⁴⁹Gd

mass number	149
neutron number	85
Relative Atomic Mass	148.919347666 ± 0.000003553 Da
g-factor	0.25142857142857 ± 0.011428571428571
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	9.28 ± 0.1 d
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1951
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
α (α emission)	4.3%

¹⁵⁰Gd

mass number	150
neutron number	86
Relative Atomic Mass	149.918663949 ± 0.0000065 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	1.79 ± 0.08 My
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1953
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

¹⁵¹Gd

mass number	151
neutron number	87
Relative Atomic Mass	150.920354922 ± 0.000003212 Da
g-factor	0.22 ± 0.017142857142857
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	123.9 ± 1 d
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1950
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%
α (α emission)	1.1%

¹⁵²Gd

mass number	152
neutron number	88
Relative Atomic Mass	151.919798414 ± 0.000001081 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	0.2 ± 0.03
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	108 ± 8 Ty
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1938
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

¹⁵³Gd

mass number	153
neutron number	89
Relative Atomic Mass	152.921756945 ± 0.000001075 Da
g-factor	0.25333333333333 ± 0.053333333333333
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	240.6 ± 0.7 d
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1947
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
ϵ (electron capture)	100%

¹⁵⁴Gd

mass number	154
neutron number	90
Relative Atomic Mass	153.920872974 ± 0.000001066 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	2.18 ± 0.02
radioactivity	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1938
parity	+

¹⁵⁵Gd

mass number	155
neutron number	91
Relative Atomic Mass	154.922629356 ± 0.000001055 Da
g-factor	-0.17273333333333 ± 0.00026666666666667
natural abundance	14.8 ± 0.09
radioactivity	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	1.27 ± 0.03
time of discovery or invention	1933
parity	-

¹⁵⁶Gd

mass number	156
neutron number	92
Relative Atomic Mass	155.92213012 ± 0.000001054 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	20.47 ± 0.03
radioactivity	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1933
parity	+

¹⁵⁷Gd

mass number	157
neutron number	93
Relative Atomic Mass	156.923967424 ± 0.000001048 Da
g-factor	-0.22653333333333 ± 0.0004
natural abundance	15.65 ± 0.04
radioactivity	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	1.35 ± 0.03
time of discovery or invention	1933
parity	-

¹⁵⁸Gd

mass number	158
neutron number	94
Relative Atomic Mass	157.9241112 ± 0.000001048 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	24.84 ± 0.08
radioactivity	stable isotope
half-life	Not Radioactive ☢️
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1933
parity	+

¹⁵⁹Gd

mass number	159
neutron number	95
Relative Atomic Mass	158.926395822 ± 0.000001051 Da
g-factor	-0.29333333333333 ± 0.02
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	18.479 ± 0.004 h
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1949
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁰Gd

mass number	160
neutron number	96
Relative Atomic Mass	159.927061202 ± 0.000001206 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	21.86 ± 0.03
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1933
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)

¹⁶¹Gd

mass number	161
neutron number	97
Relative Atomic Mass	160.929676267 ± 0.000001614 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	3.646 ± 0.003 m
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1949
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶²Gd

mass number	162
neutron number	98
Relative Atomic Mass	161.930991812 ± 0.000004254 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	8.4 ± 0.2 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1967
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶³Gd

mass number	163
neutron number	99
Relative Atomic Mass	162.93409664 ± 0.000000855 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	68 ± 3 s
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1982
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁴Gd

mass number	164
neutron number	100
Relative Atomic Mass	163.935916193 ± 0.000001073 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	45 ± 3 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1988
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁵Gd

mass number	165
neutron number	101
Relative Atomic Mass	164.93931708 ± 0.0000014 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	11.6 ± 1 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1998
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁶Gd

mass number	166
neutron number	102
Relative Atomic Mass	165.941630413 ± 0.0000017 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	5.1 ± 0.8 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	2005
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁷Gd

mass number	167
neutron number	103
Relative Atomic Mass	166.945490012 ± 0.000005596 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	4.2 ± 0.3 s
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	2012
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁸Gd

mass number	168
neutron number	104
Relative Atomic Mass	167.948309 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	3.03 ± 0.16 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1985
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

¹⁶⁹Gd

mass number	169
neutron number	105
Relative Atomic Mass	168.952882 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	750 ± 210 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	2012
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹⁷⁰Gd

mass number	170
neutron number	106
Relative Atomic Mass	169.956146 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	420 ± 130 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	2012
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹⁷¹Gd

mass number	171
neutron number	107
Relative Atomic Mass	170.961127 ± 0.000537 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	2018
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

¹⁷²Gd

mass number	172
neutron number	108
Relative Atomic Mass	171.964605 ± 0.000322 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	2018
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)

kōrero nehe

discoverer or inventor	Jean de Marignac
location of discovery	Switzerland
time of discovery or invention	1880
etymology	Named after the mineral gadolinite.
pronunciation	GAD-eh-LIN-i-em (Ingarihi)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	6.2 mg/kg
natural abundance (Moana nui)	0.0000007 mg/L
natural abundance (human body)
natural abundance (meteoroid)	0.000023 %
natural abundance (Te Rā)	0.0000002 %
Abundance in Universe	0.0000002 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	1.2565
2	p	4.2946
2	s	16.783
3	d	13.723
3	p	19.8508
3	s	20.2903
4	d	34.3664
4	f	38.9864
4	p	31.3532
4	s	30.556
5	p	47.236
5	s	45.118
6	s	55.7854

Gadolinium on ChemicalAid

gadolinium

Gadolinium (Gd)

Āhuatanga Ōkiko

Chemical Property

other

Isotopes of Gadolinium

133Gd

134Gd

135Gd

136Gd

137Gd

138Gd

139Gd

140Gd

141Gd

142Gd

143Gd

144Gd

145Gd

146Gd

147Gd

148Gd

149Gd

150Gd

151Gd

152Gd

153Gd

154Gd

155Gd

156Gd

157Gd

158Gd

159Gd

160Gd

161Gd

162Gd

163Gd

164Gd

165Gd

166Gd

167Gd

168Gd

169Gd

170Gd

171Gd

172Gd

kōrero nehe

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

¹³³Gd

¹³⁴Gd

¹³⁵Gd

¹³⁶Gd

¹³⁷Gd

¹³⁸Gd

¹³⁹Gd

¹⁴⁰Gd

¹⁴¹Gd

¹⁴²Gd

¹⁴³Gd

¹⁴⁴Gd

¹⁴⁵Gd

¹⁴⁶Gd

¹⁴⁷Gd

¹⁴⁸Gd

¹⁴⁹Gd

¹⁵⁰Gd

¹⁵¹Gd

¹⁵²Gd

¹⁵³Gd

¹⁵⁴Gd

¹⁵⁵Gd

¹⁵⁶Gd

¹⁵⁷Gd

¹⁵⁸Gd

¹⁵⁹Gd

¹⁶⁰Gd

¹⁶¹Gd

¹⁶²Gd

¹⁶³Gd

¹⁶⁴Gd

¹⁶⁵Gd

¹⁶⁶Gd

¹⁶⁷Gd

¹⁶⁸Gd

¹⁶⁹Gd

¹⁷⁰Gd

¹⁷¹Gd

¹⁷²Gd