Торий (Th)

chemical element with the atomic number of 90

Atomic Number	90
Atomic Weight	232.0377
mass number	232

Group
Period	7
Block	f

proton	90 p⁺
neutron	142 n⁰
electron	90 e^-

Physical Property

Atomic Radius	180 pm 288 pm
molar volume	19.8 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	175 pm 143 pm 136 pm 206 pm
Metallic Radius
ionic radius	94 pm 105 pm 109 pm 113 pm 118 pm 121 pm 120.9 pm
Crystal Radius	108 pm 119 pm 123 pm 127 pm 132 pm 135 pm 134.9 pm
Van der Waals radius	240 pm 245 pm 274 pm 339.6 pm
density	11.7 g/cm³

Chemical Property

energy

proton affinity
electron affinity
ionization energy	6.3067 eV/particle 11.9 eV/particle 18.32 eV/particle 28.648 eV/particle 58 eV/particle 69.1 eV/particle 82 eV/particle 95 eV/particle 118 eV/particle 133 eV/particle 165 eV/particle 181 eV/particle 262 eV/particle 285 eV/particle 310 eV/particle 336 eV/particle 362 eV/particle 389 eV/particle 424 eV/particle 451 eV/particle 480 eV/particle 508 eV/particle 650 eV/particle 680 eV/particle 720 eV/particle 750 eV/particle 830 eV/particle 900 eV/particle 970 eV/particle 1010 eV/particle 1090 eV/particle 1160 eV/particle 1240 eV/particle 1310 eV/particle 1380 eV/particle 1460 eV/particle 1530 eV/particle 1600 eV/particle 1680 eV/particle 1760 eV/particle 1830 eV/particle 1910 eV/particle 2000 eV/particle 2060 eV/particle 2390 eV/particle 2455 eV/particle 2524 eV/particle 2598 eV/particle 2669 eV/particle 2737 eV/particle 2860 eV/particle 2935 eV/particle 3013 eV/particle 3086 eV/particle 3375 eV/particle 3445 eV/particle 3522 eV/particle 3593 eV/particle 3943 eV/particle 4025 eV/particle 4230 eV/particle 4313 eV/particle 6972 eV/particle 7130 eV/particle 7299 eV/particle 7480 eV/particle 7650 eV/particle 7820 eV/particle 8180 eV/particle 8350 eV/particle 8550 eV/particle 8720 eV/particle 9220 eV/particle 9370 eV/particle 9540 eV/particle 9690 eV/particle 10790 eV/particle 10970 eV/particle 11340 eV/particle 11510 eV/particle 24060 eV/particle 24480 eV/particle 24940 eV/particle 25360 eV/particle 29410 eV/particle 29970 eV/particle 30680 eV/particle 31122.8 eV/particle 123086.4 eV/particle 125253.4 eV/particle

enthalpy of vaporization	513.7 kJ/mol
enthalpy of fusion	16.11 kJ/mol
standard enthalpy of formation	602 kJ/mol
electron

electron shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2

valence electron	2 ⓘ

electron configuration	[Rn] 6d² 7s²ⓘ 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6p⁶ 6d² 7s²

oxidation number	-1, 1, 2, 3, 4
electronegativity	0.10277 1.3
Electrophilicity Index
fundamental state of matter

phase of matter	Solid
gaseous state of matter
Boiling Point	5058.15 K
Melting Point	2023.15 K
critical pressure
critical temperature
triple point
appearance
color	Silver #ff1493 #00baff #00baff
appearance	silvery, often with black tarnish
refractive index
thermodynamic material property
Thermal Conductivity
thermal expansion	0.000011 1/K
molar heat capacity	27.32 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.118 J/(g⋅K)
heat capacity ratio
electrical properties
type	Conductor
electrical conductivity	6.7 MS/m
electrical resistivity	0.00000015 Ω*m
superconductivity	1.38 K
magnetism
type	paramagnetic
magnetic susceptibility (Mass)	0.0000000072 m³/Kg
magnetic susceptibility (Molar)	0.0000000017 m³/mol
magnetic susceptibility (Volume)	0.000084
magnetic ordering
Curie temperature
Néel temperature
structure
Crystal Structure	Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
lattice constant	5.08 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
mechanical property
hardness	400 MPa 3 MPa 350 MPa
bulk modulus	54 GPa
shear modulus	31 GPa
Young's modulus	79 GPa
Poisson's ratio	0.27
speed of sound	2490 m/s
classification
Category	Actinides, Actinides
CAS Group
IUPAC Group
Glawe Number	34
Mendeleev Number	16
Pettifor Number	47
Geochemical Class	rare earth & related
Goldschmidt classification	litophile

other

Gas Basicity
polarizability	217 ± 54 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient
allotrope
Neutron cross section	7.4
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.001
quantum number	3F2
space group	225 (Fm_3m)

Isotopes of Thorium

Stable Isotopes	0
Unstable Isotopes	32
Natural Isotopes	2

²⁰⁸Th

mass number	208
neutron number	118
Relative Atomic Mass	208.017915348 ± 0.000034208 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	2.4 ± 1.2 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	2010
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²⁰⁹Th

mass number	209
neutron number	119
Relative Atomic Mass	209.017601 ± 0.000111 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁰Th

mass number	210
neutron number	120
Relative Atomic Mass	210.015093515 ± 0.000020299 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	16 ± 3.6 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1995
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹¹Th

mass number	211
neutron number	121
Relative Atomic Mass	211.014896923 ± 0.000092399 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	48 ± 20 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1995
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹²Th

mass number	212
neutron number	122
Relative Atomic Mass	212.01300157 ± 0.000010852 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	31.7 ± 1.3 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1980
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹³Th

mass number	213
neutron number	123
Relative Atomic Mass	213.01301147 ± 0.000009895 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	144 ± 21 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1968
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁴Th

mass number	214
neutron number	124
Relative Atomic Mass	214.01148148 ± 0.000011445 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	87 ± 10 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1968
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁵Th

mass number	215
neutron number	125
Relative Atomic Mass	215.01172464 ± 0.0000068 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	1.35 ± 0.14 s
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1968
parity	-

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁶Th

mass number	216
neutron number	126
Relative Atomic Mass	216.011055933 ± 0.00001192 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	26.28 ± 0.16 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1968
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²¹⁷Th

mass number	217
neutron number	127
Relative Atomic Mass	217.013103443 ± 0.000011394 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	248 ± 4 us
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1968
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁸Th

mass number	218
neutron number	128
Relative Atomic Mass	218.013276248 ± 0.000011289 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	122 ± 5 ns
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1973
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²¹⁹Th

mass number	219
neutron number	129
Relative Atomic Mass	219.015526432 ± 0.000060611 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	1.023 ± 0.018 us
spin	9/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1973
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)

²²⁰Th

mass number	220
neutron number	130
Relative Atomic Mass	220.015769866 ± 0.000014693 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	10.2 ± 0.3 us
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1973
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²¹Th

mass number	221
neutron number	131
Relative Atomic Mass	221.018185757 ± 0.000008582 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	1.75 ± 0.02 ms
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1970
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²²²Th

mass number	222
neutron number	132
Relative Atomic Mass	222.01846822 ± 0.000010966 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	2.24 ± 0.03 ms
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1970
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²³Th

mass number	223
neutron number	133
Relative Atomic Mass	223.020811083 ± 0.000008527 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	600 ± 20 ms
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1952
parity

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²²⁴Th

mass number	224
neutron number	134
Relative Atomic Mass	224.021466137 ± 0.00001031 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	1.04 ± 0.02 s
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1949
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
2β⁺ (double β⁺ decay)

²²⁵Th

mass number	225
neutron number	135
Relative Atomic Mass	225.023950975 ± 0.000005467 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	8.75 ± 0.04 m
spin	3/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1949
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	90%
ϵ (electron capture)

²²⁶Th

mass number	226
neutron number	136
Relative Atomic Mass	226.024903699 ± 0.00000481 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	30.7 ± 0.03 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1948
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
18O	3.2%

²²⁷Th

mass number	227
neutron number	137
Relative Atomic Mass	227.027702546 ± 0.000002241 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	18.693 ± 0.004 d
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1906
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²²⁸Th

mass number	228
neutron number	138
Relative Atomic Mass	228.028739741 ± 0.000001938 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	1.9125 ± 0.0007 y
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1905
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
20O	1.13%

²²⁹Th

mass number	229
neutron number	139
Relative Atomic Mass	229.031761357 ± 0.000002581 Da
g-factor	0.184 ± 0.016
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	7.916 ± 0.017 ky
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	3.11 ± 0.06
time of discovery or invention	1947
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%

²³⁰Th

mass number	230
neutron number	140
Relative Atomic Mass	230.033132267 ± 0.000001297 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	0.02 ± 0.02
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	75.4 ± 0.3 ky
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1907
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
SF (spontaneous fission)	4%
24Ne (heavy cluster emission)	5.8%

²³¹Th

mass number	231
neutron number	141
Relative Atomic Mass	231.036302764 ± 0.000001306 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	25.52 ± 0.01 h
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1911
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³²Th

mass number	232
neutron number	142
Relative Atomic Mass	232.038053606 ± 0.000001525 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance	99.98 ± 0.02
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	14 ± 0.1 Gy
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1898
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
α (α emission)	100%
SF (spontaneous fission)	1.1%
26Ne	2.78%
2β⁻ (double β⁻ decay)

²³³Th

mass number	233
neutron number	143
Relative Atomic Mass	233.041580126 ± 0.000001528 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	21.83 ± 0.04 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1935
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁴Th

mass number	234
neutron number	144
Relative Atomic Mass	234.043599801 ± 0.000002779 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	24.107 ± 0.024 d
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1900
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
α (α emission)

²³⁵Th

mass number	235
neutron number	145
Relative Atomic Mass	235.047255 ± 0.000014 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	7.2 ± 0.1 m
spin	1/2
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1969
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁶Th

mass number	236
neutron number	146
Relative Atomic Mass	236.049657 ± 0.000015 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	37.3 ± 1.5 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1973
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁷Th

mass number	237
neutron number	147
Relative Atomic Mass	237.053629 ± 0.000017 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	4.8 ± 0.5 m
spin	5/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention	1993
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁸Th

mass number	238
neutron number	148
Relative Atomic Mass	238.056388 ± 0.000304 Da
g-factor	0
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life	9.4 ± 2 m
spin	0
nuclear quadrupole moment	0
time of discovery or invention	1999
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

²³⁹Th

mass number	239
neutron number	149
Relative Atomic Mass	239.060655 ± 0.000429 Da
g-factor
natural abundance
radioactivity	☢️ radioactive element
half-life
spin	7/2
nuclear quadrupole moment
time of discovery or invention
parity	+

decay mode	intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)

важвылӧм

discoverer or inventor	Jöns Berzelius
location of discovery	Sweden
time of discovery or invention	1828
etymology	Named for Thor, Norse god of thunder.
pronunciation	THOR-i-em (English)

source

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	9.6 mg/kg
natural abundance (ocean)	0.000001 mg/L
natural abundance (human body)	0 %
natural abundance (meteoroid)	0.0000039 %
natural abundance (Шонді)	0.00000003 %
Abundance in Universe	0.00000004 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

Торий on ChemicalAid

Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300379770
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/3585
BNCF Thesaurus ID	37628
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	11977429t
CAB ID	7540
CAS Registry Number	7440-29-1
ChEBI ID	33385
DSSTOX compound identifier	DTXCID6029759
DSSTox substance ID	DTXSID6049800
Den Store Danske ID	thorium
ECHA Substance Infocard ID	100.028.308
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/thorium
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	topic/helium-uranium-thorium-dating
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	thorium
Freebase ID	/m/025sk62
GND ID	4185331-3
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0239406
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana ID	0146927
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	4198022
HSDB ID	864
Human Metabolome Database ID	HMDB0029215
ICSC ID	0337
InChI	InChI=1S/Th
InChIKey	ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
KBpedia ID	Thorium
KEGG ID	C19157
Krugosvet article	nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/TORI.html
LEM ID	LEM201013005
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85134957
MeSH descriptor ID	D013910
NDL Authority ID	00573342
NKCR AUT ID	ph543054
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007534013905171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	365213
OpenAlex ID	C527038400
PSH ID	5764
PubChem CID	23960
Quora topic ID	Thorium
RxNorm ID	1534769
Römpp online ID	RD-20-01588
Store medisinske leksikon ID	thorium
Store norske leksikon ID	thorium
Treccani ID	torio
UK Archival Thesaurus ID	f2/mt225/4347/5019
UK Parliament thesaurus ID	430967
UNESCO Thesaurus ID	concept14024
UNII	60YU5MIG9W
USGS Thesaurus ID	1593
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14682288-n
YSO ID	21744

Торий (Th)

Physical Property

Chemical Property

other

Isotopes of Thorium

208Th

209Th

210Th

211Th

212Th

213Th

214Th

215Th

216Th

217Th

218Th

219Th

220Th

221Th

222Th

223Th

224Th

225Th

226Th

227Th

228Th

229Th

230Th

231Th

232Th

233Th

234Th

235Th

236Th

237Th

238Th

239Th

важвылӧм

source

Nuclear Screening Constants

²⁰⁸Th

²⁰⁹Th

²¹⁰Th

²¹¹Th

²¹²Th

²¹³Th

²¹⁴Th

²¹⁵Th

²¹⁶Th

²¹⁷Th

²¹⁸Th

²¹⁹Th

²²⁰Th

²²¹Th

²²²Th

²²³Th

²²⁴Th

²²⁵Th

²²⁶Th

²²⁷Th

²²⁸Th

²²⁹Th

²³⁰Th

²³¹Th

²³²Th

²³³Th

²³⁴Th

²³⁵Th

²³⁶Th

²³⁷Th

²³⁸Th

²³⁹Th