Atomic Number | 85 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 210 |
Mass Number | 191 |
Group | 17 |
---|---|
Period | 6 |
Block | p |
Protons | 85 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 106 n0 |
Electrons | 85 e- |
Atomic Radius | |
---|---|
Molar Volume | |
Covalent Radius | 147 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 62 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 76 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius |
202 pm
|
Density | 7 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 2.8 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 9.31751 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | |
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | |
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7 |
Valence Electrons | 7 |
Electron Configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 |
Oxidation States | -1, 1, 3, 5, 7 |
Electronegativity | 2.2
|
Electrophilicity | 2.8161454412824063 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | |
Melting Point | 575.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | unknown, probably metallic |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | |
Specific Heat Capacity | |
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | |
Electrical Conductivity | |
Electrical Resistivity | |
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | |
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | () |
Lattice Constant | |
Lattice Angles | |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
Category | Halogens, Halogens |
CAS Group | VIIB |
IUPAC Group | VIIA |
Glawe Number | 98 |
Mendeleev Number | 110 |
Pettifor Number | 96 |
Geochemical Class | U/Th decay series |
Goldschmidt Class | synthetic |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | |
Neutron Mass Absorption | |
Quantum Numbers | 2P3/2 |
Space Group | () |
Stable Isotopes | 0 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 39 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 39 |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 191 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.1 ± 0.8 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2003 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 192 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11.5 ± 0.6 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2006 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.51% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 193 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 29 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2003 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 194 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 286 ± 7 ms
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 8.3% |
β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.032% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 195 |
G-Factor | 3.2 ± 0.1
|
Half Life | 290 ± 20 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1999 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 196 |
G-Factor | 1.24 ± 0.046666666666667
|
Half Life | 377 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.6 ± 0.4
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 97.5% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β+ SF (β+-delayed fission) | 0.009% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 197 |
G-Factor | 0.85111111111111 ± 0.015555555555556
|
Half Life | 388.2 ± 5.6 ms
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -1.2 ± 0.6
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 96.1% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 3.9% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 198 |
G-Factor | 1.34 ± 0.046666666666667
|
Half Life | 4.47 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.6 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 97% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 199 |
G-Factor | 0.87555555555556 ± 0.015555555555556
|
Half Life | 7.02 ± 0.12 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -1 ± 0.5
|
Discovery Year | 1967 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 89% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 200 |
G-Factor | 1.4266666666667 ± 0.05
|
Half Life | 43.2 ± 0.9 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.5 ± 0.5
|
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 52% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 48% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 201 |
G-Factor | 0.89111111111111 ± 0.015555555555556
|
Half Life | 85.2 ± 1.6 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -1 ± 0.5
|
Discovery Year | 1963 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 71% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 29% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 202 |
G-Factor | 1.38 ± 0.053333333333333
|
Half Life | 184 ± 1 s
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.5 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 88% |
α (α emission) | 12% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 203 |
G-Factor | 0.88888888888889 ± 0.015555555555556
|
Half Life | 7.4 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.7 ± 0.4
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 69% |
α (α emission) | 31% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 204 |
G-Factor | 0.68857142857143 ± 0.025714285714286
|
Half Life | 9.12 ± 0.11 m
|
Spin | 7 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.6 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 96.2% |
α (α emission) | 3.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 205 |
G-Factor | 0.90888888888889 ± 0.015555555555556
|
Half Life | 26.9 ± 0.8 m
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.6 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 90% |
α (α emission) | 10% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 206 |
G-Factor | 0.72833333333333 ± 0.028333333333333
|
Half Life | 30.6 ± 0.8 m
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.4 ± 0.2
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.1% |
α (α emission) | 0.9% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 207 |
G-Factor | 0.91777777777778 ± 0.015555555555556
|
Half Life | 1.81 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.5 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 90% |
α (α emission) | 10% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 208 |
G-Factor | 0.74333333333333 ± 0.03
|
Half Life | 1.63 ± 0.03 h
|
Spin | 6 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.4 ± 0.3
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.45% |
α (α emission) | 0.55% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 209 |
G-Factor | 0.91555555555556 ± 0.015555555555556
|
Half Life | 5.42 ± 0.05 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.4 ± 0.2
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 96.1% |
α (α emission) | 3.9% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 210 |
G-Factor | 0.944 ± 0.032
|
Half Life | 8.1 ± 0.4 h
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.4 ± 0.2
|
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 99.825% |
α (α emission) | 0.175% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 211 |
G-Factor | 0.92 ± 0.0088888888888889
|
Half Life | 7.214 ± 0.007 h
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 58.2% |
α (α emission) | 41.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 212 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 314 ± 3 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1954 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | % |
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 213 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 125 ± 6 ns
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1968 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 214 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 558 ± 10 ns
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 215 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 37 ± 3 us
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1944 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 216 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 300 ± 30 us
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β− (β− decay) | % |
ϵ (electron capture) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 217 |
G-Factor | 0.84444444444444 ± 0.044444444444444
|
Half Life | 32.6 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1947 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 99.992% |
β− (β− decay) | 0.008% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 218 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.28 ± 0.06 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1943 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 100% |
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 219 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 56 ± 3 s
|
Spin | 9/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
α (α emission) | 93.6% |
β− (β− decay) | 6.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 220 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.71 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 92% |
α (α emission) | 8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 221 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.3 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 222 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 54 ± 10 s
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 223 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 50 ± 7 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
α (α emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 224 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.5 ± 1.5 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 225 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 226 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 227 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 228 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 229 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
In 1869, existence of astatine was first predicted by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and called the element eka-iodine. In 1940, Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè isolated the element at the University of California, Berkeley. Instead of searching for the element in nature, the scientists created it by bombarding bismuth-209 with alpha particles. From the Greek astatos meaning unstable
Discoverers | D.R.Corson, K.R.MacKenzie, E.Segré |
---|---|
Discovery Location | United States |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: astatos (unstable). |
Pronunciation | AS-teh-teen (English) |
Does not occur in nature. Similar to iodine. Produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | |
Abundance in Oceans | |
Abundance in Human Body | 0 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0 %
|
Abundance in Sun | |
Abundance in Universe | 0 %
|
1 | s | 1.6446 |
2 | p | 4.5524 |
2 | s | 22.3324 |
3 | d | 13.4155 |
3 | p | 23.5024 |
3 | s | 24.6481 |
4 | d | 37.9504 |
4 | f | 37.7596 |
4 | p | 36.516 |
4 | s | 35.6644 |
5 | d | 58.661 |
5 | p | 53.96 |
5 | s | 52.0665 |
6 | p | 69.8368 |
6 | s | 67.7002 |