Atomic Number | 35 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 79.904 |
Mass Number | 79 |
Group | 17 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | p |
Protons | 35 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 44 n0 |
Electrons | 35 e- |
Atomic Radius | |
---|---|
Molar Volume | |
Covalent Radius | |
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | |
Crystal Radius | |
Van der Waals Radius | |
Density |
Energy | |
---|---|
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | |
Ionization Energy | |
Heat of Vaporization | |
Heat of Fusion | |
Heat of Formation | |
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 7 |
Valence Electrons | 7 ⓘ |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5 |
Oxidation States | -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 |
Electronegativity | 2.96
|
Electrophilicity Index | |
States of Matter | |
Phase | Liquid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | |
Melting Point | |
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Bromine is a Red. Br has a CPK of #a52a2a, Jmol of #a62929, and MOLCAS GV of #a62929. The Refractive Index of Element 35 is 1.001132. | |
Color | Red
|
Appearance | |
Refractive Index | 1.001132
|
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | |
Specific Heat Capacity | |
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Insulator |
Electrical Conductivity | |
Electrical Resistivity | |
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000049 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000783 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000153
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Bromine is ORC. The lattice constant of Br is 6.67 Å. The lattice angles of Element 35 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Base Centered Orthorhombic (ORC) |
Lattice Constant | |
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
The Bulk Modulus of Bromine is 1.9 GPa. | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | |
Shear Modulus | |
Young's Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Bromine is VIIB. The IUPAC Group of Br is VIIA. The Glawe Number of Element 35 is 100. The Mendeleev Number of Bromine (Br) is 108. The Pettifor Number of Bromine is 98. The Geochemical Class of Br is semi-volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 35 is litophile. | |
Category | Halogens, Halogens |
CAS Group | VIIB |
IUPAC Group | VIIA |
Glawe Number | 100 |
Mendeleev Number | 108 |
Pettifor Number | 98 |
Geochemical Class | semi-volatile |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
The Gas Basicity of Bromine is 531.2 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Br is 21 plus or minus 1 a₀. Element 35 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 162 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 187 a₀. The Allotropes of Bromine (Br) is Dibromine. The Neutron Cross Section of Bromine is 6.8. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Br is 0.002. The Quantum Numbers of Element 35 is 2P3/2. The Space Group of Bromine (Br) is 64 (Cmca).
Gas Basicity | |
---|---|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
Allotropes | Dibromine |
Neutron Cross Section | 6.8
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.002
|
Quantum Numbers | 2P3/2 |
Space Group | 64 (Cmca) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 32 |
Natural Isotopes | 2 |
Mass Number | 65 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 30 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 66 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 31 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 67 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 32 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 68 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 33 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) |
Mass Number | 69 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 34 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1988 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Mass Number | 70 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 35 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 78.8 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) |
Mass Number | 71 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 36 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 21.4 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 72 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 37 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.6 ± 0.1
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 78.6 ± 2.4 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 73 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 38 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 3.4 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 74 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 39 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 25.4 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 75 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 40 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.50666666666667 ± 0.12
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 96.7 ± 1.3 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 76 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 41 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.5477 ± 0.0001
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 16.2 ± 0.2 h
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.251 ± 0.004
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 77 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 42 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.64873333333333 ± 0.0004
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 57.04 ± 0.12 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.5 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Mass Number | 78 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 43 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.13 ± 0.03
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 6.45 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β− (β− decay) | 0.01% |
Mass Number | 79 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 44 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | 50.65 ± 0.09
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.3087 ± 0.0002
|
Discovery Year | 1920 |
Parity | - |
Mass Number | 80 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 45 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.5135 ± 0.0006
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 17.68 ± 0.02 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.182 ± 0.003
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 91.7% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 8.3% |
Mass Number | 81 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 46 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | 49.35 ± 0.09
|
Radioactivity | Stable |
Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1920 |
Parity | - |
Mass Number | 82 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 47 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.32512 ± 0.00012
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 35.282 ± 0.007 h
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.697 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 83 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 48 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.374 ± 0.004 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 84 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 49 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | 0.95 ± 0.35
|
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 31.76 ± 0.08 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1943 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 85 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 50 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 2.9 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1943 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 86 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 51 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 55.1 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1962 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Mass Number | 87 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 52 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 55.68 ± 0.12 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1943 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2.6% |
Mass Number | 88 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 53 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 16.34 ± 0.08 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 6.58% |
Mass Number | 89 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 54 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 4.357 ± 0.022 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 13.8% |
Mass Number | 90 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 55 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 1.91 ± 0.01 s
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 25.3% |
Mass Number | 91 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 56 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 543 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 29.5% |
Mass Number | 92 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 57 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 314 ± 16 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 33.1% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 93 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 58 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 152 ± 8 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 64% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 94 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 59 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | 70 ± 20 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 68% |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 95 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 60 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 96 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 61 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 97 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 62 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Mass Number | 98 |
---|---|
Neutron Number | 63 |
Relative Atomic Mass | |
G-Factor | |
Abundance | |
Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
2n (2-neutron emission) |
Carl Jacob Löwig discovered bromine in 1825, while still a chemistry student at Heidelberg University, Germany. Antoine Balard distilled the bromine from a solution of seaweed ash saturated with chlorine in 1824. He finally published his results in 1826, providing evidence that the substance he had discovered was a new element. From the Greek word bromos, stench
Discoverers | Antoine J. Balard |
---|---|
Discovery Location | France |
Discovery Year | 1826 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: brômos (stench). |
Pronunciation | BRO-meen (English) |
1 | s | 0.7529 |
2 | p | 3.9436 |
2 | s | 9.3566 |
3 | d | 15.4409 |
3 | p | 15.4292 |
3 | s | 14.7815 |
4 | p | 25.972 |
4 | s | 24.4472 |