Bromine (Br)

Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapour irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard.

Atomic Number	35
Atomic Weight	79.904
Mass Number	79

Group	17
Period	4
Block	p

Protons	35 p⁺
Neutrons	44 n⁰
Electrons	35 e^-

Properties

Energy
Atomic Radius	115 pm 219 pm
Molar Volume	23.5 cm³/mol
Covalent Radius	114 pm 109 pm 110 pm 119 pm 120 pm
Metallic Radius	117 pm
Ionic Radius	196 pm 59 pm 31 pm 25 pm 39 pm
Crystal Radius	182 pm 73 pm 45 pm 39 pm 53 pm
Van der Waals Radius	190 pm 183 pm 395 pm 185 pm 222 pm 187 pm 418.9 pm
Density	3.1028 g/cm³ 3,120 kg/m³
Proton Affinity	554.4 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity	3.3635882 eV/particle
Ionization Energy	11.81381 eV/particle 21.591 eV/particle 35 eV/particle 47.78 eV/particle 59.595 eV/particle 85.1 eV/particle 103 eV/particle 192.61 eV/particle 224 eV/particle 261 eV/particle 301 eV/particle 338 eV/particle 393 eV/particle 436 eV/particle 481 eV/particle 530 eV/particle 577 eV/particle 716.3 eV/particle 760.99 eV/particle 809.8 eV/particle 870 eV/particle 920.8 eV/particle 963 eV/particle 1,070.6 eV/particle 1,119.169 eV/particle 2,731 eV/particle 2,870 eV/particle 3,020 eV/particle 3,169 eV/particle 3,361 eV/particle 3,523.1 eV/particle 3,735 eV/particle 3,868.986 eV/particle 16,317.01 eV/particle 16,937.126 eV/particle

Heat of Vaporization	29.56 kJ/mol
Heat of Fusion	10.57 kJ/mol
Heat of Formation	111.85 kJ/mol
Electrons
Electron Shells	2, 8, 18, 7

Valence Electrons	7

Electron Configuration	[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵

Oxidation States	-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7
Electronegativity	15.88 eV/particle 0.2412578 2.96
Electrophilicity	3.4075054710599915 eV/particle
Phases
Phase	Liquid
Gas Phase
Boiling Point	331.95 K
Melting Point	265.95 K
Critical Pressure	10.34 MPa
Critical Temperature	588.15 K
Triple Point	265.9 K 5.879 kPa
Visual
Color	Red #a52a2a #a62929 #a62929
Appearance
Refractive Index	1.001132
Thermodynamic Properties
Thermal Conductivity	0.005 W/(m K)
Thermal Expansion
Molar Heat Capacity	75.69 J/(mol K)
Specific Heat Capacity	0.474 J/(g⋅K)
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index)
Electrical Properties
Type	Insulator
Electrical Conductivity	0.0000000000000001 MS/m
Electrical Resistivity	10,000,000,000 m Ω
Superconducting Point
Magnetism
Type	diamagnetic
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass)	-0.0000000049 m³/Kg
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar)	-0.000000000783 m³/mol
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume)	-0.0000153
Magnetic Ordering
Curie Point
Neel Point
Structure
Crystal Structure	Base Centered Orthorhombic (ORC)
Lattice Constant	6.67 Å
Lattice Angles	π/2, π/2, π/2
Mechanical Properties
Hardness
Bulk Modulus	1.9 GPa
Shear Modulus
Young Modulus
Poisson Ratio
Speed of Sound
Classification
Category	Halogens, Halogens
CAS Group	VIIB
IUPAC Group	VIIA
Glawe Number	100
Mendeleev Number	108
Pettifor Number	98
Geochemical Class	semi-volatile
Goldschmidt Class	litophile
Other
Gas Basicity	531.2 kJ/mol
Dipole Polarizability	21 ± 1 a₀
C6 Dispersion Coefficient	162 a₀ 187 a₀
Allotropes	Dibromine
Neutron Cross Section	6.8
Neutron Mass Absorption	0.002
Quantum Numbers	2P3/2
Space Group	64 (Cmca)

Isotopes of Bromine

Stable Isotopes	2
Unstable Isotopes	32
Radioactive Isotopes	28

⁶⁵Br

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	64.982297 ± 0.000537 Da
Mass Number	65
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year
Parity	-

⁶⁵Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁶⁶Br

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	65.974697 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	66
G-Factor	0
Half Life
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	+

⁶⁶Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁶⁷Br

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	66.965078 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	67
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year
Parity	-

⁶⁷Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁶⁸Br

Abundance
Relative Atomic Mass	67.958356 ± 0.000278 Da
Mass Number	68
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1995
Parity	+

⁶⁸Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	%

⁶⁹Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	68.95033841 ± 0.000045091 Da
Mass Number	69
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1988
Parity	-

⁶⁹Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
p (proton emission)	100%

⁷⁰Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	69.944792321 ± 0.000016 Da
Mass Number	70
G-Factor	0
Half Life	78.8 ± 0.3 ms
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1978
Parity	+

⁷⁰Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁺ p (β⁺-delayed proton emission)	%

⁷¹Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	70.939342153 ± 0.000005799 Da
Mass Number	71
G-Factor
Half Life	21.4 ± 0.6 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1981
Parity

⁷¹Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷²Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	71.936594606 ± 0.0000011 Da
Mass Number	72
G-Factor	0.6 ± 0.1
Half Life	78.6 ± 2.4 s
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1970
Parity	+

⁷²Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷³Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	72.931673441 ± 0.000007237 Da
Mass Number	73
G-Factor
Half Life	3.4 ± 0.2 m
Spin	1/2
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1970
Parity	-

⁷³Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁴Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	73.929910279 ± 0.000006264 Da
Mass Number	74
G-Factor	0
Half Life	25.4 ± 0.3 m
Spin	0
Quadrupole Moment	0
Discovery Year	1952
Parity	-

⁷⁴Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁵Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	74.925810566 ± 0.0000046 Da
Mass Number	75
G-Factor	0.50666666666667 ± 0.12
Half Life	96.7 ± 1.3 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	-

⁷⁵Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁶Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	75.924541574 ± 0.000010007 Da
Mass Number	76
G-Factor	0.5477 ± 0.0001
Half Life	16.2 ± 0.2 h
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment	0.251 ± 0.004
Discovery Year	1952
Parity	-

⁷⁶Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁷Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	76.921379193 ± 0.000003017 Da
Mass Number	77
G-Factor	0.64873333333333 ± 0.0004
Half Life	57.04 ± 0.12 h
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.5 ± 0.02
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	-

⁷⁷Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%

⁷⁸Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	77.921145858 ± 0.000003842 Da
Mass Number	78
G-Factor	0.13 ± 0.03
Half Life	6.45 ± 0.04 m
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	+

⁷⁸Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	100%
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	0.01%

⁷⁹Br

Abundance	50.65 ± 0.09
Relative Atomic Mass	78.918337574 ± 0.000001074 Da
Mass Number	79
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment	0.3087 ± 0.0002
Discovery Year	1920
Parity	-

⁸⁰Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	79.918529784 ± 0.000001065 Da
Mass Number	80
G-Factor	0.5135 ± 0.0006
Half Life	17.68 ± 0.02 m
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment	0.182 ± 0.003
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	+

⁸⁰Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	91.7%
β⁺ (β⁺ decay; β⁺ = ϵ + e⁺)	8.3%

⁸¹Br

Abundance	49.35 ± 0.09
Relative Atomic Mass	80.916288197 ± 0.000001049 Da
Mass Number	81
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1920
Parity	-

⁸²Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	81.916801752 ± 0.000001042 Da
Mass Number	82
G-Factor	0.32512 ± 0.00012
Half Life	35.282 ± 0.007 h
Spin	5
Quadrupole Moment	0.697 ± 0.01
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	-

⁸²Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸³Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	82.915175285 ± 0.000004073 Da
Mass Number	83
G-Factor
Half Life	2.374 ± 0.004 h
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1937
Parity	-

⁸³Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁴Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	83.916496417 ± 0.000027622 Da
Mass Number	84
G-Factor	0.95 ± 0.35
Half Life	31.76 ± 0.08 m
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1943
Parity	-

⁸⁴Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁵Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	84.915645758 ± 0.000003304 Da
Mass Number	85
G-Factor
Half Life	2.9 ± 0.06 m
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1943
Parity	-

⁸⁵Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁶Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	85.918805432 ± 0.000003304 Da
Mass Number	86
G-Factor
Half Life	55.1 ± 0.4 s
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1962
Parity	-

⁸⁶Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%

⁸⁷Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	86.920674016 ± 0.000003404 Da
Mass Number	87
G-Factor
Half Life	55.68 ± 0.12 s
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1943
Parity	-

⁸⁷Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	2.6%

⁸⁸Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	87.92408329 ± 0.000003404 Da
Mass Number	88
G-Factor
Half Life	16.34 ± 0.08 s
Spin	1
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1948
Parity	-

⁸⁸Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	6.58%

⁸⁹Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	88.926704558 ± 0.000003504 Da
Mass Number	89
G-Factor
Half Life	4.357 ± 0.022 s
Spin	3/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1959
Parity	-

⁸⁹Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	13.8%

⁹⁰Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	89.931292848 ± 0.000003604 Da
Mass Number	90
G-Factor
Half Life	1.91 ± 0.01 s
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1959
Parity

⁹⁰Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	25.3%

⁹¹Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	90.934398617 ± 0.000003804 Da
Mass Number	91
G-Factor
Half Life	543 ± 4 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	-

⁹¹Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	29.5%

⁹²Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	91.939631595 ± 0.000007202 Da
Mass Number	92
G-Factor
Half Life	314 ± 16 ms
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1974
Parity	-

⁹²Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	33.1%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁹³Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	92.94322 ± 0.0004625 Da
Mass Number	93
G-Factor
Half Life	152 ± 8 ms
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1981
Parity	-

⁹³Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	64%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁹⁴Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	93.948846 ± 0.000215 Da
Mass Number	94
G-Factor
Half Life	70 ± 20 ms
Spin	2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1981
Parity	-

⁹⁴Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	100%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	68%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁹⁵Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	94.952925 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	95
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	-

⁹⁵Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁹⁶Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	95.95898 ± 0.000322 Da
Mass Number	96
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity

⁹⁶Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁹⁷Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	96.963499 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	97
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin	5/2
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	1997
Parity	-

⁹⁷Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

⁹⁸Br

Abundance	Radioactive ☢️
Relative Atomic Mass	97.969887 ± 0.000429 Da
Mass Number	98
G-Factor
Half Life
Spin
Quadrupole Moment
Discovery Year	2010
Parity

⁹⁸Br Decay Modes

Decay Mode	Intensity
β⁻ (β⁻ decay)	%
β⁻ n (β⁻-delayed neutron emission)	%
2n (2-neutron emission)	%

History

Carl Jacob Löwig discovered bromine in 1825, while still a chemistry student at Heidelberg University, Germany. Antoine Balard distilled the bromine from a solution of seaweed ash saturated with chlorine in 1824. He finally published his results in 1826, providing evidence that the substance he had discovered was a new element. From the Greek word bromos, stench

Discoverers	Antoine J. Balard
Discovery Location	France
Discovery Year	1826
Etymology (Name Origin)	Greek: brômos (stench).
Pronunciation	BRO-meen (English)

Bromine is poisonous and causes skin burns

Bromine is the only nonmetallic element that is liquid at ordinary temperatures

Uses

Bromine is used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicines and sanitizers. Potassium bromide is used as a source of bromide ions for the manufacture of silver bromide for photographic film. Bromine is also used to reduce mercury pollution from coal-fired power plants. It was once used in large quantities to make a compound that removed lead compound build up in engines burning leaded gasoline. Now it is primarily used in dyes, disinfectants, and photographic chemicals.

Sources

Occurs in compounds in sea water.

Abundance
Abundance in Earth's crust	2.4 mg/kg
Abundance in Oceans	67.3 mg/L
Abundance in Human Body	0.00029 %
Abundance in Meteor	0.00012 %
Abundance in Sun
Abundance in Universe	0.0000007 %

Nuclear Screening Constants

1	s	0.7529
2	p	3.9436
2	s	9.3566
3	d	15.4409
3	p	15.4292
3	s	14.7815
4	p	25.972
4	s	24.4472

Bromine on ChemicalAid

AGROVOC ID	c_1106
Art & Architecture Thesaurus ID	300389668
Australian Educational Vocabulary ID	scot/2843
BNCF Thesaurus ID	31087
Bibliothèque nationale de France ID	12166058m
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie online ID	brom
CAS Registry Number	7726-95-6
ChEBI ID	33117
Den Store Danske ID	brom
Encyclopædia Britannica Online ID	science/bromine
Encyclopædia Universalis ID	brome
Freebase ID	/m/025svll
French Vikidia ID	Brome
GND ID	4146635-4
Great Russian Encyclopedia Online ID	1884358
Hrvatska enciklopedija ID	9679
Human Metabolome Database ID	HMDB0031434
KBpedia ID	Bromine
Krugosvet article	nauka_i_tehnika/himiya/BROM.html
Library of Congress authority ID	sh85017053
MeSH descriptor ID	D001966
NKCR AUT ID	ph543046
Namuwiki ID	브로민
National Diet Library ID	00572452
National Library of Israel J9U ID	987007292426505171
OmegaWiki Defined Meaning	434
Online PWN Encyclopedia ID	3880864
OpenAlex ID	C517835270
PSH ID	5813
Quora topic ID	Bromine
Spanish Vikidia ID	Bromo
Store medisinske leksikon ID	brom
Store norske leksikon ID	brom
Treccani ID	bromo
WordNet 3.1 Synset ID	14656307-n
YSO ID	7981

Bromine (Br)

Properties

Isotopes of Bromine

65Br

65Br Decay Modes

66Br

66Br Decay Modes

67Br

67Br Decay Modes

68Br

68Br Decay Modes

69Br

69Br Decay Modes

70Br

70Br Decay Modes

71Br

71Br Decay Modes

72Br

72Br Decay Modes

73Br

73Br Decay Modes

74Br

74Br Decay Modes

75Br

75Br Decay Modes

76Br

76Br Decay Modes

77Br

77Br Decay Modes

78Br

78Br Decay Modes

79Br

80Br

80Br Decay Modes

81Br

82Br

82Br Decay Modes

83Br

83Br Decay Modes

84Br

84Br Decay Modes

85Br

85Br Decay Modes

86Br

86Br Decay Modes

87Br

87Br Decay Modes

88Br

88Br Decay Modes

89Br

89Br Decay Modes

90Br

90Br Decay Modes

91Br

91Br Decay Modes

92Br

92Br Decay Modes

93Br

93Br Decay Modes

94Br

94Br Decay Modes

95Br

95Br Decay Modes

96Br

96Br Decay Modes

97Br

97Br Decay Modes

98Br

98Br Decay Modes