Atomic Number | 35 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 79.904 |
Mass Number | 79 |
Group | 17 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | p |
Protons | 35 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 44 n0 |
Electrons | 35 e- |
Atomic Radius | 115 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 23.5 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 114 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 196 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 182 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 185 pm
|
Density | 3.1028 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 554.4 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 3.3635882 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 11.81381 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 29.56 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 10.57 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 111.85 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 18, 7 |
Valence Electrons | 7 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 |
Oxidation States | -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 |
Electronegativity | 2.96
|
Electrophilicity | 3.4075054710599915 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Liquid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 331.95 K
|
Melting Point | 265.95 K
|
Critical Pressure | 10.34 MPa
|
Critical Temperature | 588.15 K
|
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Red
|
Appearance | |
Refractive Index | 1.001132
|
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 0.005 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | 75.69 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.474 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Insulator |
Electrical Conductivity | 0.0000000000000001 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 10,000,000,000 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000049 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000783 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000153
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Base Centered Orthorhombic (ORC) |
Lattice Constant | 6.67 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 1.9 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
Category | Halogens, Halogens |
CAS Group | VIIB |
IUPAC Group | VIIA |
Glawe Number | 100 |
Mendeleev Number | 108 |
Pettifor Number | 98 |
Geochemical Class | semi-volatile |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | 531.2 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 162 a₀
|
Allotropes | Dibromine |
Neutron Cross Section | 6.8
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.002
|
Quantum Numbers | 2P3/2 |
Space Group | 64 (Cmca) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 32 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 28 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 65 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 66 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 67 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 68 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1995 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 69 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1988 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 70 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 78.8 ± 0.3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1978 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 71 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 21.4 ± 0.6 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 72 |
G-Factor | 0.6 ± 0.1
|
Half Life | 78.6 ± 2.4 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 73 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.4 ± 0.2 m
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1970 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 74 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 25.4 ± 0.3 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 75 |
G-Factor | 0.50666666666667 ± 0.12
|
Half Life | 96.7 ± 1.3 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 76 |
G-Factor | 0.5477 ± 0.0001
|
Half Life | 16.2 ± 0.2 h
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.251 ± 0.004
|
Discovery Year | 1952 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 77 |
G-Factor | 0.64873333333333 ± 0.0004
|
Half Life | 57.04 ± 0.12 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.5 ± 0.02
|
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 78 |
G-Factor | 0.13 ± 0.03
|
Half Life | 6.45 ± 0.04 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β− (β− decay) | 0.01% |
Abundance | 50.65 ± 0.09
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 79 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.3087 ± 0.0002
|
Discovery Year | 1920 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 80 |
G-Factor | 0.5135 ± 0.0006
|
Half Life | 17.68 ± 0.02 m
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.182 ± 0.003
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 91.7% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 8.3% |
Abundance | 49.35 ± 0.09
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 81 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1920 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 82 |
G-Factor | 0.32512 ± 0.00012
|
Half Life | 35.282 ± 0.007 h
|
Spin | 5 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.697 ± 0.01
|
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 83 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.374 ± 0.004 h
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1937 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 84 |
G-Factor | 0.95 ± 0.35
|
Half Life | 31.76 ± 0.08 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1943 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 85 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 2.9 ± 0.06 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1943 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 86 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 55.1 ± 0.4 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1962 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 87 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 55.68 ± 0.12 s
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1943 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2.6% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 88 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 16.34 ± 0.08 s
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1948 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 6.58% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 89 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 4.357 ± 0.022 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 13.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 90 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.91 ± 0.01 s
|
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1959 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 25.3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 91 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 543 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 29.5% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 92 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 314 ± 16 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1974 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 33.1% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 93 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 152 ± 8 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 64% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 94 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 70 ± 20 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1981 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 68% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 95 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 96 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 97 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 98 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2010 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Carl Jacob Löwig discovered bromine in 1825, while still a chemistry student at Heidelberg University, Germany. Antoine Balard distilled the bromine from a solution of seaweed ash saturated with chlorine in 1824. He finally published his results in 1826, providing evidence that the substance he had discovered was a new element. From the Greek word bromos, stench
Discoverers | Antoine J. Balard |
---|---|
Discovery Location | France |
Discovery Year | 1826 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: brômos (stench). |
Pronunciation | BRO-meen (English) |
1 | s | 0.7529 |
2 | p | 3.9436 |
2 | s | 9.3566 |
3 | d | 15.4409 |
3 | p | 15.4292 |
3 | s | 14.7815 |
4 | p | 25.972 |
4 | s | 24.4472 |