Atomic Number | 20 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 40.078 |
Mass Number | 40 |
Group | 2 |
---|---|
Period | 4 |
Block | s |
Protons | 20 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 20 n0 |
Electrons | 20 e- |
Atomic Radius | 180 pm
|
---|---|
Molar Volume | 29.9 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 171 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 174 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 100 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 114 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 231 pm
|
Density | 1.54 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | |
Electron Affinity | 0.02455 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 6.1131552 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 153.6 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 9.2 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 177.8 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 8, 2 |
Valence Electrons | 2 |
Electron Configuration | [Ar] 4s2 |
Oxidation States | 1, 2 |
Electronegativity | 1
|
Electrophilicity | 0.7734001442996138 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 1,757.15 K
|
Melting Point | 1,115.15 K
|
Critical Pressure | |
Critical Temperature | |
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Color | Silver
|
Appearance | |
Refractive Index | |
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | |
Thermal Expansion | 0.0000223 1/K
|
Molar Heat Capacity | 25.929 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.647 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Conductor |
Electrical Conductivity | 29 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 0.00000003399999999999 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | paramagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | 0.0000000138 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | 0.0000000005531 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | 0.00002139
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Cubic (FCC) |
Lattice Constant | 5.58 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Hardness | 1.75 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 17 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | 7.4 GPa
|
Young Modulus | 20 GPa
|
Poisson Ratio | 0.31
|
Speed of Sound | 3,810 m/s
|
Classification | |
Category | Alkaline earth metals, Alkaline earth metals |
CAS Group | IIA |
IUPAC Group | IIA |
Glawe Number | 16 |
Mendeleev Number | 7 |
Pettifor Number | 16 |
Geochemical Class | major |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
Gas Basicity | |
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 2,163 a₀
|
Allotropes | |
Neutron Cross Section | 0.43
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00037
|
Quantum Numbers | 1S0 |
Space Group | 225 (Fm_3m) |
Stable Isotopes | 6 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 23 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 22 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 33 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | % |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 34 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 35 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 25.7 ± 0.2 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 95.8% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 4.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 36 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 100.9 ± 1.3 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 51.2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 37 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 181 ± 0.9 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 76.8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 38 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 443.7 ± 0.25 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1966 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 39 |
G-Factor | 0.68093333333333 ± 0.00010666666666667
|
Half Life | 860.3 ± 0.8 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.038 ± 0.003
|
Discovery Year | 1943 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 96.941 ± 0.156
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 40 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β+ (double β+ decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 99.4 ± 1.5 ky
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.0665 ± 0.0018
|
Discovery Year | 1939 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
ϵ (electron capture) | 100% |
Abundance | 0.647 ± 0.023
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 42 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 0.135 ± 0.01
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 43 |
G-Factor | -0.37638 ± 0.000017142857142857
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.0408 ± 0.0008
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | - |
Abundance | 2.086 ± 0.11
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 44 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1922 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | -0.37897142857143 ± 0.00037142857142857
|
Half Life | 162.61 ± 0.09 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.038 ± 0.012
|
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | 0.004 ± 0.003
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 46 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | -0.40182857142857 ± 0.00031428571428571
|
Half Life | 4.536 ± 0.003 d
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.084 ± 0.006
|
Discovery Year | 1951 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ 0.187 ± 0.021
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 56 ± 10 Ey
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2β− (double β− decay) | % |
β− (β− decay) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | -0.91993333333333 ± 0.00053333333333333
|
Half Life | 8.718 ± 0.006 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.036 ± 0.003
|
Discovery Year | 1950 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 13.45 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | -0.69973333333333 ± 0.00073333333333333
|
Half Life | 10 ± 0.8 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0.036 ± 0.012
|
Discovery Year | 1980 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 4.6 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1985 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 2% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 53 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 461 ± 90 ms
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1983 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 40% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 54 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 90 ± 6 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 55 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 22 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 56 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 11 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1997 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 57 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 58 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 59 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 60 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 61 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Calcium was known as early as the first century when the Ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide. Calcium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 when he electrolyzed a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide. Davy was trying to isolate calcium; when he heard that Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, he tried it himself. From the Latin word calx, lime
Discoverers | Sir Humphrey Davy |
---|---|
Discovery Location | England |
Discovery Year | 1808 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: calx, calcis (lime). |
Pronunciation | KAL-si-em (English) |
Obtained from minerals like chalk, limestone & marble. Pure metal is produced by replacing the calcium in lime (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) with aluminium in hot, low pressure retorts.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 41,500 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 412 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 1.4 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 1.1 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.007 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.007 %
|
1 | s | 0.527 |
2 | p | 3.9586 |
2 | s | 6.2236 |
3 | p | 11.3417 |
3 | s | 10.3985 |
4 | s | 15.602 |