Atomic Number | 17 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 35.45 |
Mass Number | 35 |
Group | 17 |
---|---|
Period | 3 |
Block | p |
Protons | 17 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 18 n0 |
Electrons | 17 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 100 pm
|
Molar Volume | 18.7 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 99 pm
|
Metallic Radius | |
Ionic Radius | 181 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 167 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 175 pm
|
Density | 0.002898 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 513.6 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 3.612725 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 12.96763 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 20.41 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 6.41 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 121.302 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 7 |
Valence Electrons | 7 |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p5 |
Oxidation States | -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 |
Electronegativity | 3.16
|
Electrophilicity | 3.673315922583194 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Gas |
Gas Phase | Diatomic |
Boiling Point | 239.11 K
|
Melting Point | 171.65 K
|
Critical Pressure | 7.991 MPa
|
Critical Temperature | 417.05 K
|
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Chlorine is a Yellow. Cl has a CPK of #00ff00, Jmol of #1ff01f, and MOLCAS GV of #38b538. The Appearance of Element 17 is pale yellow-green gas. The Refractive Index of Chlorine (Cl) is 1.000773. | |
Color | Yellow
|
Appearance | pale yellow-green gas |
Refractive Index | 1.000773
|
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 0.009 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | 33.949 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.479 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | 7/5 |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Insulator |
Electrical Conductivity | 0.00000001 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 100 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000072 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000511 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000000231
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Chlorine is ORC. The lattice constant of Cl is 6.24 Å. The lattice angles of Element 17 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Base Centered Orthorhombic (ORC) |
Lattice Constant | 6.24 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
The Bulk Modulus of Chlorine is 1.1 GPa. The Speed of Sound of Cl is 206 m/s. | |
Hardness | |
Bulk Modulus | 1.1 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | 206 m/s
|
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Chlorine is VIIB. The IUPAC Group of Cl is VIIA. The Glawe Number of Element 17 is 101. The Mendeleev Number of Chlorine (Cl) is 107. The Pettifor Number of Chlorine is 99. The Geochemical Class of Cl is semi-volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 17 is litophile. | |
Category | Halogens, Halogens |
CAS Group | VIIB |
IUPAC Group | VIIA |
Glawe Number | 101 |
Mendeleev Number | 107 |
Pettifor Number | 99 |
Geochemical Class | semi-volatile |
Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other | |
The Gas Basicity of Chlorine is 490.1 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Cl is 14.6 plus or minus 0.1 a₀. Element 17 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 94.6 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 97.1 a₀. The Allotropes of Chlorine (Cl) is Dichlorine. The Neutron Cross Section of Chlorine is 35.3. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Cl is 0.033. The Quantum Numbers of Element 17 is 2P3/2. The Space Group of Chlorine (Cl) is 64 (Cmca). | |
Gas Basicity | 490.1 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 94.6 a₀
|
Allotropes | Dichlorine |
Neutron Cross Section | 35.3
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.033
|
Quantum Numbers | 2P3/2 |
Space Group | 64 (Cmca) |
Stable Isotopes | 2 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 23 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 21 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 28 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 29 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.4 ± 1.9 zs
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1993 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 30 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
p (proton emission) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 31 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 190 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1977 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 2.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 32 |
G-Factor | 1.115 ± 0.006
|
Half Life | 298 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 1 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1953 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.054% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.026% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 33 |
G-Factor | 0.50313333333333 ± 0.0002
|
Half Life | 2.5038 ± 0.0022 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 34 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.5267 ± 0.0004 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1934 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 75.8 ± 0.2
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 35 |
G-Factor | 0.5478 ± 0.000013333333333333
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.0817 ± 0.0008
|
Discovery Year | 1919 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 36 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 301.3 ± 1.5 ky
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.178 ± 0.004
|
Discovery Year | 1941 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 98.1% |
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 1.9% |
Abundance | 24.2 ± 0.2
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 37 |
G-Factor | 0.456 ± 0.0000066666666666667
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.0644 ± 0.0006
|
Discovery Year | 1919 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 38 |
G-Factor | 1.025 ± 0.01
|
Half Life | 37.23 ± 0.014 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 39 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 56.2 ± 0.6 m
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1949 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 40 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.35 ± 0.03 m
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1956 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 38.4 ± 0.8 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 42 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 6.8 ± 0.3 s
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 43 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 3.13 ± 0.09 s
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1976 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 44 |
G-Factor | 0.2749 ± 0.0002
|
Half Life | 562 ± 106 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 8% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 413 ± 25 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 24% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 46 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 232 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 60% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 101 ± 5 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 3% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 50 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2009 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 51 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 52 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Around 1630, chlorine was recognized as a gas by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont. Elemental chlorine was first prepared and studied in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. By 1810, the scientific consensus was that chlorine was actually a compound that contained oxygen. In 1811, Sir Humphry Davy concluded the new gas was in fact a new element. From the Greek word chloro, greenish yellow
Discoverers | Carl Wilhelm Scheele |
---|---|
Discovery Location | Sweden |
Discovery Year | 1774 |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: chlôros (greenish yellow). |
Pronunciation | KLOR-een (English) |
Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is its most common compound. Commercial quantities are produced by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (seawater or brine from salt mines).
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 145 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 19,400 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.12 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 0.037 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.0008 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.0001 %
|
1 | s | 0.4761 |
2 | p | 4.0068 |
2 | s | 5.5696 |
3 | p | 10.8839 |
3 | s | 9.9317 |