Chlorine (Cl)
Chlorine is the 17th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of Cl and atomic number of 17. It has an atomic weight of 35.450 and a mass number of 35. Chlorine has seventeen protons and eighteen neutrons in its nucleus, and seventeen electrons in three shells. It is located in group seventeen, period three and block p of the periodic table. Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810.
| Atomic Number | 17 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 35.45 |
| Mass Number | 35 |
| Group | 17 |
|---|---|
| Period | 3 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 17 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 18 n0 |
| Electrons | 17 e- |
Physical Properties
| Atomic Radius | |
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | |
| Covalent Radius | |
| Metallic Radius | |
| Ionic Radius | |
| Crystal Radius | |
| Van der Waals Radius | |
| Density |
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | |
| Electron Affinity | |
| Ionization Energy | |
| Heat of Vaporization | |
| Heat of Fusion | |
| Heat of Formation | |
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 8, 7 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 7 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p5ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 |
| Electronegativity |
3.16
|
| Electrophilicity Index | |
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Gas |
| Gas Phase | Diatomic |
| Boiling Point | |
| Melting Point | |
| Critical Pressure | |
| Critical Temperature | |
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Chlorine is a Yellow. Cl has a CPK of #00ff00, Jmol of #1ff01f, and MOLCAS GV of #38b538. The Appearance of Element 17 is pale yellow-green gas. The Refractive Index of Chlorine (Cl) is 1.000773. | |
| Color | Yellow
|
| Appearance | pale yellow-green gas |
| Refractive Index | 1.000773
|
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | |
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | |
| Specific Heat Capacity | |
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | 7/5 |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | Insulator |
| Electrical Conductivity | |
| Electrical Resistivity | |
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | diamagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000072 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000511 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000000231
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Chlorine is ORC. The lattice constant of Cl is 6.24 Å. The lattice angles of Element 17 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
| Crystal Structure | Base Centered Orthorhombic (ORC) |
| Lattice Constant | |
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
The Bulk Modulus of Chlorine is 1.1 GPa. The Speed of Sound of Cl is 206 m/s. | |
| Hardness | |
| Bulk Modulus | |
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Chlorine is VIIB. The IUPAC Group of Cl is VIIA. The Glawe Number of Element 17 is 101. The Mendeleev Number of Chlorine (Cl) is 107. The Pettifor Number of Chlorine is 99. The Geochemical Class of Cl is semi-volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 17 is litophile. | |
| Category | Halogens, Halogens |
| CAS Group | VIIB |
| IUPAC Group | VIIA |
| Glawe Number | 101 |
| Mendeleev Number | 107 |
| Pettifor Number | 99 |
| Geochemical Class | semi-volatile |
| Goldschmidt Class | litophile |
Other
The Gas Basicity of Chlorine is 490.1 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of Cl is 14.6 plus or minus 0.1 a₀. Element 17 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 94.6 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 97.1 a₀. The Allotropes of Chlorine (Cl) is Dichlorine. The Neutron Cross Section of Chlorine is 35.3. The Neutron Mass Absorption of Cl is 0.033. The Quantum Numbers of Element 17 is 2P3/2. The Space Group of Chlorine (Cl) is 64 (Cmca).
| Gas Basicity | |
|---|---|
| Dipole Polarizability | |
| C6 Dispersion Coefficient | |
| Allotropes | Dichlorine |
| Neutron Cross Section | 35.3
|
| Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.033
|
| Quantum Numbers | 2P3/2 |
| Space Group | 64 (Cmca) |
Isotopes of Chlorine
| Stable Isotopes | 2 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 23 |
| Natural Isotopes | 2 |
28Cl
| Mass Number | 28 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 11 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2018 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
29Cl
| Mass Number | 29 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 12 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.4 ± 1.9 zs
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1993 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
30Cl
| Mass Number | 30 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 13 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2018 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| p (proton emission) | 100% |
31Cl
| Mass Number | 31 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 14 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 190 ± 1 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1977 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 2.4% |
32Cl
| Mass Number | 32 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 15 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.115 ± 0.006
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 298 ± 1 ms
|
| Spin | 1 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1953 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+α (β+-delayed α emission) | 0.054% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 0.026% |
33Cl
| Mass Number | 33 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 16 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.50313333333333 ± 0.0002
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.5038 ± 0.0022 s
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1940 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
34Cl
| Mass Number | 34 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 17 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.5267 ± 0.0004 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1934 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
35Cl
| Mass Number | 35 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 18 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.5478 ± 0.000013333333333333
|
| Abundance | 75.8 ± 0.2
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.0817 ± 0.0008
|
| Discovery Year | 1919 |
| Parity | + |
36Cl
| Mass Number | 36 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 19 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 301.3 ± 1.5 ky
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.178 ± 0.004
|
| Discovery Year | 1941 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 98.1% |
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 1.9% |
37Cl
| Mass Number | 37 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 20 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.456 ± 0.0000066666666666667
|
| Abundance | 24.2 ± 0.2
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.0644 ± 0.0006
|
| Discovery Year | 1919 |
| Parity | + |
38Cl
| Mass Number | 38 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 21 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 1.025 ± 0.01
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 37.23 ± 0.014 m
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1940 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
39Cl
| Mass Number | 39 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 22 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 56.2 ± 0.6 m
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1949 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
40Cl
| Mass Number | 40 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 23 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.35 ± 0.03 m
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1956 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
41Cl
| Mass Number | 41 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 24 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 38.4 ± 0.8 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
42Cl
| Mass Number | 42 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 25 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 6.8 ± 0.3 s
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
43Cl
| Mass Number | 43 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 26 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 3.13 ± 0.09 s
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1976 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
44Cl
| Mass Number | 44 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 27 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.2749 ± 0.0002
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 562 ± 106 ms
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 8% |
45Cl
| Mass Number | 45 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 28 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 413 ± 25 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 24% |
46Cl
| Mass Number | 46 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 29 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 232 ± 2 ms
|
| Spin | 2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 60% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
47Cl
| Mass Number | 47 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 30 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 101 ± 5 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 3% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
48Cl
| Mass Number | 48 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 31 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
49Cl
| Mass Number | 49 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 32 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
50Cl
| Mass Number | 50 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 33 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2009 |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
51Cl
| Mass Number | 51 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 34 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1990 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
52Cl
| Mass Number | 52 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 35 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 2018 |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
History
Around 1630, chlorine was recognized as a gas by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont. Elemental chlorine was first prepared and studied in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. By 1810, the scientific consensus was that chlorine was actually a compound that contained oxygen. In 1811, Sir Humphry Davy concluded the new gas was in fact a new element. From the Greek word chloro, greenish yellow
| Discoverers | Carl Wilhelm Scheele |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | Sweden |
| Discovery Year | 1774 |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Greek: chlôros (greenish yellow). |
| Pronunciation | KLOR-een (English) |
Elemental chlorine at high concentrations is extremely dangerous and poisonous
Tree frogs have a chlorine compound in their skin that is a very powerful pain killer
Uses
Chlorine is used for producing safe drinking water. It is also extensively used in the production of paper products, dyestuffs, textiles, petroleum products, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, food, solvents, paints, plastics, and many other consumer products. Chlorinated compounds are used mostly for sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing. Used in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).
Sources
Salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is its most common compound. Commercial quantities are produced by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (seawater or brine from salt mines).
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | |
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | |
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0.12 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 0.037 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.0008 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0.0001 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.4761 |
| 2 | p | 4.0068 |
| 2 | s | 5.5696 |
| 3 | p | 10.8839 |
| 3 | s | 9.9317 |
Also Known As
- Cl
- element 17
- 17Cl
- bertholite
Translations
- Italiancloro
- Dutchchloor
- Norwegian Bokmålklor
- Frenchchlore
- GermanChlor
- Spanishcloro
- Chinese (Traditional)氯
- Afrikaanschloor
- Amharicክሎሪን
- AragoneseCloro
- Arabicكلور
- AsturianCloru
- AzerbaijaniXlor
- BashkirХлор
- Belarusianхлор
- Bulgarianхлор
- Banglaক্লোরিন
- BretonKlor
- Bosnianhlor
- Catalanclor
- Central Kurdishکلۆر
- CorsicanCloru
- Czechchlor
- ChuvashХлор
- WelshClorin
- Danishklor
- Divehiކްލޮރިން
- Greekχλώριο
- Esperantokloro
- Estoniankloor
- Basquekloro
- Persianکلر
- Finnishkloori
- Northern FrisianKloor
- FriulianClôr
- Irishclóirín
- GalicianCloro
- Gujaratiનીરજી
- Manxcloreen
- Hakka ChineseLiu̍k
- HawaiianKolorine
- Hebrewכלור
- Hindiक्लोरीन
- Fiji HindiChlorine
- Croatianklor
- Haitian CreoleKlò
- Hungarianklór
- Armenianքլոր
- Interlinguachloro
- Indonesianklorin
- Idokloro
- Icelandicklór
- Japanese塩素
- Lojbankliru
- JavaneseKlor
- Georgianქლორი
- KazakhХлор
- Kannadaಕ್ಲೋರಿನ್
- Korean염소
- KomiХлор
- Latinchlorum
- LuxembourgishChlor
- LigurianCloro
- LingalaKoloki
- Lithuanianchloras
- Latvianhlors
- Māorihau māota
- MacedonianХлор
- Malayalamക്ലോറിൻ
- Marathiक्लोरिन
- Western MariХлор
- MalayKlorin
- Burmeseကလိုရင်း
- Low GermanChlor
- Nepaliक्लोरिन
- Norwegian Nynorskklor
- Novialklore
- Occitanclòr
- Punjabiਕਲੋਰੀਨ
- Polishchlor
- Western Panjabiکلورین
- Portuguesecloro
- QuechuaKluru
- Romanianclor
- Russianхлор
- Serbo-CroatianHlor
- Sinhalaක්ලෝරීන්
- Slovakchlór
- Slovenianklor
- AlbanianKlori
- Serbianхлор
- Saterland FrisianChlor
- Swedishklor
- Swahilichlorini
- Tamilகுளோரின்
- Teluguక్లోరిన్
- TajikХлор
- Thaiคลอรีน
- TagalogKloro
- Turkishklor
- Tatarхлор
- Uyghurخلور گازى
- Ukrainianхлор
- UzbekXlor
- VepsHlor
- Vietnamesechlor
- WarayCloro
- KalmykХлор
- Yiddishכלאר
- YorubaKlorínì
- Chinese氯
- CebuanoKlorin
- Odiaକ୍ଲୋରିନ
- PiedmonteseClòr
- Wu Chinese氯气
- Scotschlorine
- Chinese (China)氯
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)氯
- Newariक्लोरिन
- Siciliancloru
- Cantonese氯
- Min Nan ChineseIâm-sò͘
- ErzyaХлор
- SomaliKoloriin
- SamogitianChluors
- Literary Chinese氯
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)хлёр
- AromanianCloru
- Western Frisiangloar
- LimburgishChloear
- KyrgyzХлор
- cdoLṳ̆k
- FaroeseKlor
- Scottish GaelicClòrain
- Sanskritक्लोरिन
- LombardCloro
- Maltesekloru
- Portuguese (Brazil)cloro
- Gan Chinese氯
- Paliक्लोरिन
- azbکولور
- Mongolianхлор
- Bhojpuriक्लोरीन
- Tibetanཚྭ་རླུང་།
- SundaneseKlor
- Lingua Franca Novacloro
- Tatar (Cyrillic)хлор
- kbpKlɔrɩ
- KurdishKlorîn
- oloHlor
- Tuluಕ್ಲೋರಿನ್
- hywՔղոր
- Chinese (Taiwan)氯
- ExtremaduranCloru
- RusynХлор
- Urduکلورین
- Chinese (Simplified)氯
- SardinianCloro
- Moroccan Arabicكلور
- Egyptian Arabicكلور
- Pashtoکلورين
- Cornishklorin
- WalloonClôre
- BikolKlorina
- Manipuriꯀ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯤꯟ
- BalineseKlorin
- Gandakololiini
- Sindhiڪلورين
- blkကလိုရဉ်း
- ZhuangLuz
- ZuluIChwenzi
- Silesianchlor
- Lower Sorbianchlor
