Sulfur (S)
Sulfur is the 16th element in the periodic table and has a symbol of S and atomic number of 16. It has an atomic weight of 32.060 and a mass number of 32. Sulfur has sixteen protons and sixteen neutrons in its nucleus, and sixteen electrons in three shells. It is located in group sixteen, period three and block p of the periodic table. Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulphate ion.
| Atomic Number | 16 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Weight | 32.06 |
| Mass Number | 32 |
| Group | 16 |
|---|---|
| Period | 3 |
| Block | p |
| Protons | 16 p+ |
|---|---|
| Neutrons | 16 n0 |
| Electrons | 16 e- |
Physical Properties
| Atomic Radius | 100 pm
|
|---|---|
| Molar Volume | 15.5 cm³/mol
|
| Covalent Radius | 103 pm
|
| Metallic Radius | 104 pm
|
| Ionic Radius | 184 pm
|
| Crystal Radius | 170 pm
|
| Van der Waals Radius |
180 pm
|
| Density | 2.07 g/cm³
|
Chemical Properties
| Energy | |
|---|---|
| Proton Affinity | 664.3 kJ/mol
|
| Electron Affinity | 2.07710403 eV/particle
|
| Ionization Energy | 10.36001 eV/particle
|
| Heat of Vaporization | 10.5 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Fusion | 1.23 kJ/mol
|
| Heat of Formation | 277.17 kJ/mol
|
| Electrons | |
| Electron Shells | 2, 8, 6 |
 | |
| Valence Electrons | 6 ⓘ |
 | |
| Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p4ⓘ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 |
  | |
| Oxidation States | -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
| Electronegativity |
2.58
|
| Electrophilicity Index | 2.3343529124239053 eV/particle
|
| States of Matter | |
| Phase | Solid |
| Gas Phase | |
| Boiling Point | 717.76 K
|
| Melting Point | 368.35 K
|
| Critical Pressure | 20.7 MPa
|
| Critical Temperature | 1,314.15 K
|
| Triple Point | |
| Visual | |
Sulfur is a Yellow. S has a CPK of #ffc832, Jmol of #ffff30, and MOLCAS GV of #fff529. The Appearance of Element 16 is lemon yellow sintered microcrystals. The Refractive Index of Sulfur (S) is 1.001111. | |
| Color | Yellow
|
| Appearance | lemon yellow sintered microcrystals |
| Refractive Index | 1.001111
|
| Thermodynamic Properties | |
| Thermal Conductivity | 0.27 W/(m K)
|
| Thermal Expansion | |
| Molar Heat Capacity | 22.7 J/(mol K)
|
| Specific Heat Capacity | 0.708 J/(g⋅K)
|
| Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
| Electrical Properties | |
| Type | Insulator |
| Electrical Conductivity | 0.000000000000000000001 MS/m
|
| Electrical Resistivity | 1,000,000,000,000,000 m Ω
|
| Superconducting Point | |
| Magnetism | |
| Type | diamagnetic |
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000062 m³/Kg
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000199 m³/mol
|
| Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000122
|
| Magnetic Ordering | |
| Curie Point | |
| Neel Point | |
| Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Sulfur is ORC. The lattice constant of S is 10.47 Å. The lattice angles of Element 16 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
| Crystal Structure | Face Centered Orthorhombic (ORC) |
| Lattice Constant | 10.47 Å
|
| Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
| Mechanical Properties | |
Sulfur has a Mohs hardness of 2 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of S is 7.7 GPa. | |
| Hardness |
2 MPa
|
| Bulk Modulus | 7.7 GPa
|
| Shear Modulus | |
| Young's Modulus | |
| Poisson Ratio | |
| Speed of Sound | |
| Classification | |
The CAS Group of Sulfur is VIB. The IUPAC Group of S is VIA. The Glawe Number of Element 16 is 96. The Mendeleev Number of Sulfur (S) is 100. The Pettifor Number of Sulfur is 94. The Geochemical Class of S is semi-volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 16 is chalcophile. | |
| Category | Other nonmetals, Nonmetals |
| CAS Group | VIB |
| IUPAC Group | VIA |
| Glawe Number | 96 |
| Mendeleev Number | 100 |
| Pettifor Number | 94 |
| Geochemical Class | semi-volatile |
| Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other
The Gas Basicity of Sulfur is 640.2 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of S is 19.4 plus or minus 0.1 a₀. Element 16 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 134 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 140 a₀. The Allotropes of Sulfur (S) are Rhombic Sulphur, Monoclinic Sulphur, Amorphous Sulphur. The Neutron Cross Section of Sulfur is 0.52. The Neutron Mass Absorption of S is 0.00055. The Quantum Numbers of Element 16 is 3P2. The Space Group of Sulfur (S) is 70 (Fddd).
Isotopes of Sulfur
| Stable Isotopes | 4 |
|---|---|
| Unstable Isotopes | 20 |
| Natural Isotopes | 4 |
26S
| Mass Number | 26 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 10 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2p (2-proton emission) |
27S
| Mass Number | 27 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 11 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 16.3 ± 0.2 ms
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1986 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 61% |
| 2p (2-proton emission) | 3% |
28S
| Mass Number | 28 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 12 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 125 ± 10 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1982 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 20.7% |
29S
| Mass Number | 29 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 13 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 188 ± 4 ms
|
| Spin | 5/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1964 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
| β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 46.4% |
30S
| Mass Number | 30 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 14 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.1798 ± 0.0003 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1961 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
31S
| Mass Number | 31 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 15 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.97586 ± 0.00016
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 2.5534 ± 0.0018 s
|
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1940 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
32S
| Mass Number | 32 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 16 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | 94.85 ± 2.55
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1920 |
| Parity | + |
33S
| Mass Number | 33 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 17 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.42883333333333 ± 0.000013333333333333
|
| Abundance | 0.763 ± 0.02
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.694 ± 0.004
|
| Discovery Year | 1926 |
| Parity | + |
34S
| Mass Number | 34 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 18 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | 4.365 ± 0.235
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1926 |
| Parity | + |
35S
| Mass Number | 35 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 19 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0.66666666666667 ± 0.026666666666667
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 87.37 ± 0.04 d
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | -0.483 ± 0.003
|
| Discovery Year | 1936 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
36S
| Mass Number | 36 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 20 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | 0.0158 ± 0.0017
|
| Radioactivity | Stable |
| Half Life | Not Radioactive ☢️ |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1938 |
| Parity | + |
37S
| Mass Number | 37 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 21 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 5.05 ± 0.02 m
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1945 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
38S
| Mass Number | 38 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 22 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 170.3 ± 0.7 m
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1958 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
39S
| Mass Number | 39 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 23 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 11.5 ± 0.5 s
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
40S
| Mass Number | 40 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 24 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 8.8 ± 2.2 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1971 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
41S
| Mass Number | 41 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 25 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.99 ± 0.05 s
|
| Spin | 7/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) |
42S
| Mass Number | 42 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 26 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 1.016 ± 0.015 s
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1% |
43S
| Mass Number | 43 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 27 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 265 ± 13 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 40% |
44S
| Mass Number | 44 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 28 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 100 ± 1 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1979 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 18% |
45S
| Mass Number | 45 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 29 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 68 ± 2 ms
|
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 54% |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
46S
| Mass Number | 46 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 30 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | 50 ± 8 ms
|
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | 100% |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
47S
| Mass Number | 47 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 31 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 3/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | |
| Discovery Year | 1989 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
48S
| Mass Number | 48 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 32 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | 0
|
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 0 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 1990 |
| Parity | + |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
49S
| Mass Number | 49 |
|---|---|
| Neutron Number | 33 |
| Relative Atomic Mass | |
| G-Factor | |
| Abundance | |
| Radioactivity | ☢️ Radioactive |
| Half Life | |
| Spin | 1/2 |
| Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
| Discovery Year | 2018 |
| Parity | - |
| Decay Mode | Intensity |
|---|---|
| β− (β− decay) | |
| β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | |
| 2n (2-neutron emission) |
History
By the 3rd century, the Chinese discovered that sulfur could be extracted from pyrite. Indian alchemists wrote extensively about the use of sulfur in alchemical operations with mercury, from the eighth century AD onwards. In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was an element, not a compound. Known to the ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone
| Discoverers | Known to the ancients. |
|---|---|
| Discovery Location | |
| Discovery Year | |
| Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: sulphur (brimstone). |
| Pronunciation | SUL-fer (English) |
Elemental sulfur is considered to be of low toxicity
Penicillin is a natural, sulfur-based antibiotic
Uses
Sulfur's main commercial use is as a reactant in the production of sulfuric acid. Sulfur is a component of black gunpowder, and is used in the vulcanization of natural rubber and a fungicide. It is used to make sulfite paper and other papers, to fumigate fumigant, and to bleach dried fruits. It is also used extensively in making phosphatic fertilizers. Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Sources
Found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from undergound deposits by the Frasch process.
| Abundance | |
|---|---|
| Abundance in Earth's crust | 350 mg/kg
|
| Natural Abundance (Oceans) | 905 mg/L
|
| Natural Abundance (Human Body) | 0.2 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Meteor) | 4 %
|
| Natural Abundance (Sun) | 0.04 %
|
| Abundance in Universe | 0.05 %
|
Nuclear Screening Constants
| 1 | s | 0.4591 |
| 2 | p | 4.023 |
| 2 | s | 5.3712 |
| 3 | p | 10.5181 |
| 3 | s | 9.6331 |
Also Known As
- S
- element 16
- 16S
- sulphur
- brimstone
Translations
- Italianzolfo
- Norwegian Bokmålsvovel
- Frenchsoufre
- GermanSchwefel
- Dutchzwavel
- Spanishazufre
- Chinese (Traditional)硫
- Afrikaansswawel
- Amharicድኝ
- AragoneseIxufre
- Arabicكبريت
- Asturianazufre
- Aymaraasuphri
- Azerbaijanikükürd
- Belarusianсера
- Bulgarianсяра
- Banglaগন্ধক
- Bretonsulfur
- Bosniansumpor
- Catalansofre
- Central Kurdishگۆگرد
- Corsicanzolfu
- Czechsíra
- ChuvashКӳкĕрт
- Welshsylffwr
- Danishsvovl
- Divehiސަލްފަރު
- Greekθείο
- Esperantosulfuro
- EstonianVäävel
- Basquesufre
- Persianگوگرد
- Finnishrikki
- Northern FrisianSwoowel
- FriulianSolfar
- IrishSulfar
- Galicianxofre
- GuaraniItaysy
- Gujaratiગંધક
- ManxSulfur
- Hakka Chineseliù-vòng
- Hawaiiansulufura
- Hebrewגופרית
- Hindiगंधक
- Fiji Hindisulfur
- Croatiansumpor
- Upper Sorbiansyrik
- Haitian Creolesouf
- Hungariankén
- Armenianծծումբ
- Interlinguasulfure
- Indonesianbelerang
- Idosulfo
- Icelandicbrennisteinn
- Japanese硫黄
- Lojbansliri
- JavaneseWelirang
- Georgianგოგირდი
- KazakhКүкірт
- Kannadaಗಂಧಕ
- Korean황
- Kurdishkewkurd
- KomiТэг
- Latinsulphur
- LuxembourgishSchwiefel
- LimburgishSolfer
- LigurianSorfo
- LithuanianSiera
- Latviansērs
- Māoripungatara
- MacedonianСулфур
- Malayalamഗന്ധകം
- Mongolianхүхэр
- Marathiगंधक
- Western MariСера
- Malaybelerang
- Burmeseကန့်
- ErzyaПалыкандал
- nahtlequiquiztlālli
- Low GermanSwevel
- Nepaliसल्फर
- Norwegian Nynorsksvovel
- Novialsulfre
- Navajołeetsoii
- Occitansofre
- OsseticСондон
- Punjabiਗੰਧਕ
- Polishsiarka
- Western Panjabiگندھک
- Portugueseenxofre
- QuechuaSalina
- Romaniansulf
- Russianсера
- Sanskritगन्धकः
- Siciliansùrfuru
- Serbo-Croatiansumpor
- Sinhalaගෙන්දගම්
- Slovaksíra
- Slovenianžveplo
- Albaniansulfuri
- Serbianсумпор
- Saterland FrisianSwieuwel
- SundaneseWalirang
- Swedishsvavel
- Swahilisulfuri
- Tamilகந்தகம்
- Teluguగంధకము
- Thaiกำมะถัน
- Tagalogasupre
- TurkishKükürt
- Uyghurگۈڭگۈرت
- Ukrainianсірка
- Urduگندھک
- UzbekOltingugurt
- VepsRik
- Vietnameselưu huỳnh
- West FlemishSulfer
- WarayAsupre
- Yiddishשוועבל
- YorubaSulfur
- Chinese硫
- English (Canada)sulphur
- English (United Kingdom)sulphur
- Portuguese (Brazil)enxofre
- Cebuanoasupri
- KalmykКүкр
- Newariगन्धक
- BashkirКөкөрт
- Odiaଗନ୍ଧକ
- Piedmontesesorfo
- German (Switzerland)Schwefel
- Tatarкүкерт
- Scotssulphur
- Chinese (China)硫
- Chinese (Hong Kong SAR China)硫
- Cantonese硫
- Literary Chinese硫
- Belarusian (Taraskievica orthography)серка
- Min Nan Chineseliû-hông
- TajikСулфур
- YakutСиэрэ
- Somalisalfar
- cdoliù-uòng
- AromanianSulfu
- Pashtoگوگړ
- FaroeseSvávul
- WalloonShoufe
- Scottish Gaelicsulfar
- Maltesekubrit
- KyrgyzКүкүрт
- ZhuangVuengzcungq
- Gan Chinese硫
- Minangkabaubalerang
- Bhojpuriगंधक
- Tibetanམུ་ཟི།
- LombardSolfer
- Jamaican Creole EnglishSolfa
- olorikki
- Chinese (Simplified)硫
- Chinese (Macao SAR China)硫
- Chinese (Malaysia)硫
- Chinese (Singapore)硫
- Chinese (Taiwan)硫
- Paliसल्फर
- Old Englishswefel
- Lingua Franca Novasulfur
- Tatar (Cyrillic)күкерт
- kbpSʊfɩrɩ
- XhosaI-sulphur
- Mirandesealxofre
- Wu Chinese硫
- VolapükSulfin
- RusynСулфур
- KabyleTifrit (tanga)
- hywԾծումբ
- ExtremaduranAzufri
- BavarianSchwefl
- Sardiniansùrfuru
- Venetianxolfo
- Moroccan Arabicكبريت
- Egyptian Arabicكبريت
- Cornishsulfur
- Bikolasupre
- lldSolper
- Manipuriꯁꯜꯐꯔ
- Balineseurirang
- Malay (Arabic)بليرڠ
- Sindhiگندرف
- blkကန်ꩻ
- Korean (North Korea)류황
- MalagasySolifara
- dagChilibi
- OromoWaalgaa
