Atomic Number | 16 |
---|---|
Atomic Weight | 32.06 |
Mass Number | 32 |
Group | 16 |
---|---|
Period | 3 |
Block | p |
Protons | 16 p+ |
---|---|
Neutrons | 16 n0 |
Electrons | 16 e- |
Physical Properties | |
---|---|
Atomic Radius | 100 pm
|
Molar Volume | 15.5 cm³/mol
|
Covalent Radius | 103 pm
|
Metallic Radius | 104 pm
|
Ionic Radius | 184 pm
|
Crystal Radius | 170 pm
|
Van der Waals Radius | 180 pm
|
Density | 2.07 g/cm³
|
Energy | |
Proton Affinity | 664.3 kJ/mol
|
Electron Affinity | 2.07710403 eV/particle
|
Ionization Energy | 10.36001 eV/particle
|
Heat of Vaporization | 10.5 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Fusion | 1.23 kJ/mol
|
Heat of Formation | 277.17 kJ/mol
|
Electrons | |
Electron Shells | 2, 8, 6 |
Valence Electrons | 6 |
Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p4 |
Oxidation States | -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 |
Electronegativity | 2.58
|
Electrophilicity | 2.3343529124239053 eV/particle
|
Phases | |
Phase | Solid |
Gas Phase | |
Boiling Point | 717.76 K
|
Melting Point | 368.35 K
|
Critical Pressure | 20.7 MPa
|
Critical Temperature | 1,314.15 K
|
Triple Point | |
Visual | |
Sulfur is a Yellow. S has a CPK of #ffc832, Jmol of #ffff30, and MOLCAS GV of #fff529. The Appearance of Element 16 is lemon yellow sintered microcrystals. The Refractive Index of Sulfur (S) is 1.001111. | |
Color | Yellow
|
Appearance | lemon yellow sintered microcrystals |
Refractive Index | 1.001111
|
Thermodynamic Properties | |
Thermal Conductivity | 0.27 W/(m K)
|
Thermal Expansion | |
Molar Heat Capacity | 22.7 J/(mol K)
|
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.708 J/(g⋅K)
|
Heat Capacity Ratio (Adiabatic Index) | |
Electrical Properties | |
Type | Insulator |
Electrical Conductivity | 0.000000000000000000001 MS/m
|
Electrical Resistivity | 1,000,000,000,000,000 m Ω
|
Superconducting Point | |
Magnetism | |
Type | diamagnetic |
Magnetic Susceptibility (Mass) | -0.0000000062 m³/Kg
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Molar) | -0.000000000199 m³/mol
|
Magnetic Susceptibility (Volume) | -0.0000122
|
Magnetic Ordering | |
Curie Point | |
Neel Point | |
Structure | |
The Crystal Structure of Sulfur is ORC. The lattice constant of S is 10.47 Å. The lattice angles of Element 16 are π/2, π/2, π/2. | |
Crystal Structure | Face Centered Orthorhombic (ORC) |
Lattice Constant | 10.47 Å
|
Lattice Angles | π/2, π/2, π/2 |
Mechanical Properties | |
Sulfur has a Mohs hardness of 2 MPa. The Bulk Modulus of S is 7.7 GPa. | |
Hardness |
2 MPa
|
Bulk Modulus | 7.7 GPa
|
Shear Modulus | |
Young Modulus | |
Poisson Ratio | |
Speed of Sound | |
Classification | |
The CAS Group of Sulfur is VIB. The IUPAC Group of S is VIA. The Glawe Number of Element 16 is 96. The Mendeleev Number of Sulfur (S) is 100. The Pettifor Number of Sulfur is 94. The Geochemical Class of S is semi-volatile. The Goldschmidt Class of Element 16 is chalcophile. | |
Category | Other nonmetals, Nonmetals |
CAS Group | VIB |
IUPAC Group | VIA |
Glawe Number | 96 |
Mendeleev Number | 100 |
Pettifor Number | 94 |
Geochemical Class | semi-volatile |
Goldschmidt Class | chalcophile |
Other | |
The Gas Basicity of Sulfur is 640.2 kJ/mol. The Dipole Polarizability of S is 19.4 plus or minus 0.1 a₀. Element 16 has a C6 Dispersion Coefficient (CD) of 134 a₀, and C6 Dispersion Coefficient (GB) of 140 a₀. The Allotropes of Sulfur (S) are Rhombic Sulphur, Monoclinic Sulphur, Amorphous Sulphur. The Neutron Cross Section of Sulfur is 0.52. The Neutron Mass Absorption of S is 0.00055. The Quantum Numbers of Element 16 is 3P2. The Space Group of Sulfur (S) is 70 (Fddd). | |
Gas Basicity | 640.2 kJ/mol
|
Dipole Polarizability | |
C6 Dispersion Coefficient | 134 a₀
|
Allotropes | Rhombic Sulphur, Monoclinic Sulphur, Amorphous Sulphur |
Neutron Cross Section | 0.52
|
Neutron Mass Absorption | 0.00055
|
Quantum Numbers | 3P2 |
Space Group | 70 (Fddd) |
Stable Isotopes | 4 |
---|---|
Unstable Isotopes | 20 |
Radioactive Isotopes | 19 |
Abundance | |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 26 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
2p (2-proton emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 27 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 16.3 ± 0.2 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1986 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 61% |
2p (2-proton emission) | 3% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 28 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 125 ± 10 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1982 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 20.7% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 29 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 188 ± 4 ms
|
Spin | 5/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1964 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
β+ p (β+-delayed proton emission) | 46.4% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 30 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.1798 ± 0.0003 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1961 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 31 |
G-Factor | 0.97586 ± 0.00016
|
Half Life | 2.5534 ± 0.0018 s
|
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1940 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β+ (β+ decay; β+ = ϵ + e+) | 100% |
Abundance | 94.85 ± 2.55
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 32 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1920 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 0.763 ± 0.02
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 33 |
G-Factor | 0.42883333333333 ± 0.000013333333333333
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.694 ± 0.004
|
Discovery Year | 1926 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | 4.365 ± 0.235
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 34 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1926 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 35 |
G-Factor | 0.66666666666667 ± 0.026666666666667
|
Half Life | 87.37 ± 0.04 d
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | -0.483 ± 0.003
|
Discovery Year | 1936 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | 0.0158 ± 0.0017
|
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 36 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1938 |
Parity | + |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 37 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 5.05 ± 0.02 m
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1945 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 38 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 170.3 ± 0.7 m
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1958 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 39 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 11.5 ± 0.5 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 40 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 8.8 ± 2.2 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1971 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 41 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 1.99 ± 0.05 s
|
Spin | 7/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 42 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 1.016 ± 0.015 s
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 1% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 43 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 265 ± 13 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 40% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 44 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 100 ± 1 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1979 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 18% |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 45 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | 68 ± 2 ms
|
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | 54% |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 46 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | 50 ± 8 ms
|
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | 100% |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 47 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 3/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | |
Discovery Year | 1989 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 48 |
G-Factor | 0
|
Half Life | |
Spin | 0 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 1990 |
Parity | + |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
Abundance | Radioactive ☢️ |
---|---|
Relative Atomic Mass | |
Mass Number | 49 |
G-Factor | |
Half Life | |
Spin | 1/2 |
Quadrupole Moment | 0
|
Discovery Year | 2018 |
Parity | - |
Decay Mode | Intensity |
---|---|
β− (β− decay) | % |
β− n (β−-delayed neutron emission) | % |
2n (2-neutron emission) | % |
By the 3rd century, the Chinese discovered that sulfur could be extracted from pyrite. Indian alchemists wrote extensively about the use of sulfur in alchemical operations with mercury, from the eighth century AD onwards. In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was an element, not a compound. Known to the ancients; referred to in Genesis as brimstone
Discoverers | Known to the ancients. |
---|---|
Discovery Location | |
Discovery Year | |
Etymology (Name Origin) | Latin: sulphur (brimstone). |
Pronunciation | SUL-fer (English) |
Found in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from undergound deposits by the Frasch process.
Abundance | |
---|---|
Abundance in Earth's crust | 350 mg/kg
|
Abundance in Oceans | 905 mg/L
|
Abundance in Human Body | 0.2 %
|
Abundance in Meteor | 4 %
|
Abundance in Sun | 0.04 %
|
Abundance in Universe | 0.05 %
|
1 | s | 0.4591 |
2 | p | 4.023 |
2 | s | 5.3712 |
3 | p | 10.5181 |
3 | s | 9.6331 |